{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:37:48Z","timestamp":1789094268749,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor neuron disease (MND) represents a broad and heterogeneous group of disorders involving the upper or lower motor neurons, represented mainly by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) and progressive bulbar palsy (PBP). Primary motor neuronopathies are characterized by progressive degenerative loss of anterior horn cell motoneurons (lower motor neurons) or loss of giant pyramidal Betz cells (upper motor neurons). Rare atypical variants of MND-ALS include flail arm syndrome (FA), flail leg syndrome (FL), facial-onset sensory and motor neuronopathy (FOSMN), finger extension weakness and downbeat nystagmus motor neuron disease (FEWDON-MND) and long-standing and juvenile MND-ALS. In this article, we present a review of diagnostic criteria and the differential diagnosis for MND, focusing on ALS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:05:01Z","timestamp":1767193501000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Establishing Diagnostic and Differential Diagnostic Criteria for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Dziadkowiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Neurology, University Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Marschollek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Neurology, University Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kwa\u015bniak-Nowakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Stroke Unit, T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital\u2014Emergency Medicine Center, 2 Gen. Augusta Emil Fieldorf Street, 54-049 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zimny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Ra\u0142owska-Gmoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Jadwiga Provincial Specialist Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, pl. Kopernika 11a, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Neurology, University Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8057-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Koszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, University Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a024117","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a024117","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"7","author":"Grad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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