{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:35:11Z","timestamp":1767353711357,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a rare, relapsing kidney disease. Trigger for relapses, among others, may be exposure to gluten in patients with INS and celiac disease (CD). CD is a gluten-sensitive disorder. The prevalence of CD ranges from 1% in the general population to 8% in patients with autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of CD in patients with INS and the influence of a gluten-free diet on the course of INS. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 147 patients hospitalized between February 2020 and September 2024 in a single medical center. Patients were categorized into two groups: 98 patients with INS and 49 from the control group. The analysis included age, gender, total dose of glucocorticoids (GCs), duration of INS, serum levels of immunoglobulin class A (IgA) and G (IgG), the presence of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and endomysium (EMA), and urine analysis. A medical questionnaire regarding pathological symptoms during infancy and allergic diseases of patients and family members was conducted. Results: CD was diagnosed in 8% of patients with INS. A total of 66% of patients with INS and CD who followed a gluten-free diet had no or less frequent relapses. Conclusions: CD is more common in patients with INS than in the general population. A gluten-free diet in patients with INS and CD may decrease the frequency of nephrotic proteinuria relapses. CD may be oligosymptomatic, and it is important to search for it in all patients with INS. Owing to the small number of patients with CD among INS in the study, this issue requires further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:11:46Z","timestamp":1767352306000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Celiac Disease in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome\u2014A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6592-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ozimek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3569-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Warsaw Medical Care Center \u201cKOPERNIK\u201d Ltd., 00-328 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-8699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Mizerska-Wasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Recommendation of the Polish Society of Pediatric Nephrology regarding the Management of Cildren with Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Grenda","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"268","article-title":"Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome-Contemporary Views on Immune-Mediated Pathogenic Mecanisms","volume":"20","author":"Ozimek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatr. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children","volume":"392","author":"Noone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1ez, M.J., Uffing, A., Leon, J., Murakami, N., Watanabe, A., Borges, T.J., Sabbisetti, V.S., Cureton, P., Kenyon, V., and Keating, L. (2021). Immunological Impact of a Gluten-Free Dairy-Free Diet in Children With Kidney Disease: A Feasibility Study. Front. Immunol., 12, Erratum in Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 798560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.798560.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624821"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000525587","article-title":"Diet in Childhood Difficult-to-Treat Nephrotic Syndrome: A Pilot Feasibility Study","volume":"2","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glomerular Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619844125","article-title":"European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) Guideline for Coeliac Disease and Other Gluten-related Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Volta","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00304","article-title":"Celiac Disease in Children: Increasing Prevalence and Changing Clinical Presentations","volume":"64","author":"Isa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.010","article-title":"Clinical Practice Update on Diagnosis and Monitoring of Celiac Disease\u2014Changing Utility of Serology and Histologic Measures: Expert Review","volume":"156","author":"Husby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002497","article-title":"European Society for Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosis Celiac Disease 2020","volume":"70","author":"Husby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"44","article-title":"Celiac Disease-Etiopathogenesis, Clinic and Laboratory Diagnostics","volume":"2","author":"Demkow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nowa Pediatria"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"205","article-title":"Celiac Disease: Diagnosis and Screening in a Risk Groups","volume":"52","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diag. Lab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0313-0","article-title":"Coeliac Disease in Children and Adolescents: Special Considerations","volume":"34","author":"Newton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semmin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12499","article-title":"Selective IgA Deficiency: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Phenotype, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Management","volume":"85","author":"Yazdani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3248-1","article-title":"Follow-up and Outcome of Symptomatic Partial or Absolute IgA Deficiency in Children","volume":"178","author":"Moschese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/329\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:31:31Z","timestamp":1767353491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15010329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15010329","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}