{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:21:41Z","timestamp":1773177701045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR24\/00033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR24\/00033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy. They can cause immune-mediated colitis (IMC), a potentially severe adverse event. Current data on severe IMC (grade 3\u20134) are limited, particularly regarding clinical, endoscopic, and histological features. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective observational study promoted by GETECCU, including adults with solid tumors who developed grade 3\u20134 IMC requiring hospitalization and systemic therapy. Clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings (Mayo and UCEIS indices), and histological features were systematically collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 196 patients were included. Diarrhea was universal (median 8 bowel movements\/day), with 76% reporting abdominal pain and 39% rectal bleeding. Endoscopy (n = 139) revealed vascular pattern loss (80%), mucosal lesions (69%), and Mayo scores \u22652 in 69%. Histopathology (n = 141) showed abnormalities in 85%, including cryptitis (50%), lymphocytic infiltration (48%), and crypt abscesses (37%). Notably, 72% of patients with normal endoscopy had histological inflammation. Endoscopic severity correlated with bleeding and impaired general condition but not with stool frequency or pain intensity. Histological and endoscopic severity were modestly associated. Conclusions: Severe IMC presents with heterogeneous clinical, endoscopic, and histological features, with limited correlation between these domains. Endoscopic findings were often ulcerative and inflammatory, yet histological abnormalities were frequently present even in endoscopically inactive disease. These findings highlight the importance of biopsy in all suspected IMC cases and underscore the need for validated multidimensional assessment tools for accurate diagnosis and management of severe IMC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histological Characteristics of Severe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-8940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Casas Deza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Polo Cuadro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6811-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gasc\u00f3n Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5915-1477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Barreiro-de Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00edriam","family":"Ma\u00f1osa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Moranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamile","family":"Zabana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERhed, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua de Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"C\u00e9spedes Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat d\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Crohn-Colitis (UACC), Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7632-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Ord\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Miranda Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6517-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Garc\u00eda de la Filia Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1723-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Roig Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Patolog\u00eda digestiva, Hospital Universitari de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ruiz Cerulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, 08097 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Xavier","family":"Segarra-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7719-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Matallana Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1554-7861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mart\u00ednez de Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Valenciano de Oncolog\u00eda, 46009 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Mance\u00f1ido Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sof\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Salud y Deportes, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Europea de Madrid, FIIB HUIS-HUHEN, 28709 San Sebasti\u00e1n de los Reyes, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Madero Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Betor\u00e9 Glar\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario San Jorge, 22004 Huesca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"\u00c1lvarez Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de \u00c1lava, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Suris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Garrido Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8661-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Brunet Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, CIBERehd, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0406-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Alonso Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de EII, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Santos Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, 34005 Palencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3913-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Vaamonde Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, 20014 San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Almingol Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Galdakao-Usansolo, 48960 Galdakao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Folguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Joan XXIII, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Sanz Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Royo Villanova, 50015 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4808-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Moralejo Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Toledo, 45007 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00f3pez Couceiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, 28981 Parla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Tejido Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, 32005 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mena S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal, Hospital Universitari Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, 08222 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Empar","family":"Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria Althaia, 08243 Manresa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Marqu\u00e8s-Cam\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0469-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Ferreiro-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Patricia","family":"Ortega Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Comarcal de Inca, 07300 Inca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0278-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Miles","family":"Wolfe Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Sierrallana, 39300 Torrelavega, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0914-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Borras Garriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua de Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Herreros Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Marina Baixa, 03570 Villajoyosa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9862-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Calvo I\u00f1iguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de Logro\u00f1o, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Frago Larramona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial de Soria, 42005 Soria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ladr\u00f3n Abia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2478-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Serra-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat d\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Crohn-Colitis (UACC), Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Vall d\u2019Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Mench\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario e Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Coral","family":"Rivas Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-8187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Mesonero Gismero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Vicente Lid\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, CIBERehd, 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorino, C., Iezzi, S., Ciuffreda, L., and Falcone, I. (2024). Immunotherapy in melanoma: Advances, pitfalls, and future perspectives. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1403021"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooradian, M.J., and Sullivan, R.J. (2023). Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advancements and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15164176"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque, K., Ruiz, R., Mas, L., Pozza, D.H., Vancini, M., Silva J\u00fanior, J.A., and de Mello, R.A. (2023). Update in Immunotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Optimizing Treatment Sequencing and Identifying the Best Choices. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1242.v1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2024.052207","article-title":"Immunotherapy in gastric cancer-A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113952","article-title":"Unleashing the Power of immune Checkpoints: A new strategy for enhancing Treg cells depletion to boost antitumor immunity","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.117141","article-title":"Small molecule inhibitors targeting PD-L1, CTLA4, VISTA, TIM-3, and LAG3 for cancer immunotherapy (2020\u20132024)","volume":"283","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2023.10.009","article-title":"Management of liver and gastrointestinal toxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Position statement of the AEEH-AEG-SEPD-SEOM-GETECCU","volume":"47","author":"Carballal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2023.113506","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of toxicity in melanoma patients treated with combination anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy","volume":"198","author":"Rogiers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.MS682006","article-title":"Characteristics of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"68","author":"Nakane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kurume Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parente, P., Maiorano, B.A., Ciardiello, D., Cocomazzi, F., Carparelli, S., Guerra, M., Ingravallo, G., Cazzato, G., Carosi, I., and Maiello, E. (2022). Clinic, Endoscopic and Histological Features in Patients Treated with ICI Developing GI Toxicity: Some News and Reappraisal from a Mono-Institutional Experience. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030685"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaa203","article-title":"Colonoscopic evaluation of diarrhea\/colitis occurring as an immune-related adverse event","volume":"51","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy104","article-title":"Endoscopic and Histologic Features of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Colitis","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2024.003","article-title":"Endoscopic findings of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related gastrointestinal adverse events","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, F., Li, J., Cao, Y., Peng, Z., Xu, T., Shen, L., Gong, J., and Wang, X. (2023). Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis with endoscopic evaluation in Chinese cancer patients: A single-centre retrospective study. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1285478"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101778","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"46","author":"Farha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712243172603","article-title":"Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study","volume":"317","author":"Schroeder","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516","article-title":"Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"353","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.024","article-title":"Reliability and initial validation of the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity","volume":"145","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2024.01.024","article-title":"Novel endoscopic scoring system for immune mediated colitis: A multicenter retrospective study of 674 patients","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20925","article-title":"Oral and intravenous iron treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: Hematological response and quality of life improvement","volume":"15","author":"Gisbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv227","article-title":"Cancer Immunotherapy with Anti-CTLA-4 Monoclonal Antibodies Induces an Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"10","author":"Marthey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.12.028","article-title":"Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histologic Characteristics of Ipilimumab-Associated Colitis","volume":"14","author":"Verschuren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0411-1","article-title":"Importance of endoscopic and histological evaluation in the management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000278","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2017-000278","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition-related colitis: Symptoms, endoscopic features, histology and response to management","volume":"3","author":"Rozeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13555","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diarrhea: Clinicopathological study of 11 patients","volume":"32","author":"Yanai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848241309445","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241309445","article-title":"CD8+ cell dominance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis and its heterogeneity across endoscopic features","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.06.025","article-title":"Interferon-Gamma-Producing CD8+ Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Are a Targetable Hallmark of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Colitis","volume":"161","author":"Sasson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh8342","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells induces CTLA-4 blockade-associated colitis via Fc\u03b3 receptors","volume":"383","author":"Lo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02895-x","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct immune cell contributions to epithelial barrier dysfunction in checkpoint inhibitor colitis","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/353\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:39:04Z","timestamp":1767357544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/353"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15010353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15010353","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}}}