{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T19:23:09Z","timestamp":1767640989863,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Program of the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology","award":["150180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150180"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Biopsychosocial pain neuroscience education (PNE) has recently gained attention in preparing patients for surgery. PNE is expected to influence pain coping strategies and descending nociceptive inhibition. The goal of this study was to compare cortical evoked responses during experimental pain processing using a conditioned pain modulation (CPM) paradigm between patients receiving perioperative PNE (PPNE) or perioperative biomedical back school education (PBSE). Methods: This predefined EEG subgroup analysis included only participants with complete EEG recordings at baseline and 6 weeks. Of these, twenty-three patients with low back-related leg pain, scheduled for lumbar spine surgery, were randomized to either two sessions of PPNE or two sessions of PBSE. All patients were stimulated electrically at the median nerve of the symptomatic side and the sural nerve of the symptomatic and non-symptomatic side before and 6 weeks after the educational sessions, while evoked potentials were recorded by electroencephalography (EEG). Subsequently, this protocol was repeated during the application of the CPM paradigm by immersing the hand contralateral to the symptomatic side into cold water. Results: A significant decrease in the amplitude of the waveforms during CPM was found compared to the waveforms before CPM at the non-symptomatic sural nerve. No significant differences were found at the other test locations. For the waveforms of the CPM effect (subtracted waveforms), no significant treatment effects were revealed between the PPNE and PBSE groups. Conclusions: These exploratory findings suggest that PPNE was not associated with differential modulation of EEG evoked potentials during CPM compared with PBSE at 6 weeks post-surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:28:57Z","timestamp":1767626937000},"page":"398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrical Evoked Potentials After Perioperative Pain Neuroscience Education or Back School Education: A Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Leuvenseweg 38, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, BC-71, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2571-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Huysmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Leuvenseweg 38, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Van Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Leuvenseweg 38, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Public Health (GEWE), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Coppieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translation Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0751-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Ickmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Movement & Nutrition for Health & Performance Research Group (MOVE), Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Nijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physical Therapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6598-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Buyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health (GEWE), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.08.003","article-title":"An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy","volume":"14","author":"Kreiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J. 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