{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:04Z","timestamp":1787028664611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is an effective, minimally invasive treatment for patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) who are at high surgical risk and may be used as a bridge to surgery in critically ill patients. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of PC in patients with AC over a 10-year period. Methods: Patients who underwent PC for AC at our institution between January 2013 and May 2023 were included. Patients were categorised into the definitive and bridging PC groups. Clinical characteristics, procedure-related complications, recurrence, and overall survival were analysed. Statistical analyses were used to identify in-hospital mortality-related risk factors. Results: A total of 449 patients were included, and 89.5% had an ASA score \u2265 3. The median time to PC was 1 day, and 17.6% of patients required ICU admission. Drainage tube-related complications occurred in 37 (8.2%) patients. The median drainage and hospital stay durations were 9 (IQR 6\u201314) and 12 (IQR 9\u201315) days, respectively. During follow-up, recurrent AC was observed in 34 (7.6%), with a median time to recurrence of 63 (IQR 29\u2013312) days. PC was the definitive treatment in 275 (61.2%) patients. The overall mortality rate was 5.3% (n = 24), with no deaths related to the drainage procedure. Sepsis on admission was an independent risk factor related to in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Our findings confirmed that PC is a safe and effective treatment alternative for managing AC in high-risk patients with low complication and mortality rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:13:18Z","timestamp":1767697998000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A 10-Year Study on Percutaneous Cholecystostomy for Acute Cholecystitis at a Tertiary Referral Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Ptasnuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Doctoral Studies, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ita","family":"Lazdane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimirs","family":"Fokins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2846-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Kolesova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Infectology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1069 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3951-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haralds","family":"Plaudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mencarini, L., Vestito, A., Zagari, R.M., and Montagnani, M. (2024). The diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis: A comprehensive narrative review for a practical approach. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092695"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v15.i11.2564","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases from 1990 to 2019","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.516","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: Flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis","volume":"25","author":"Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, F., Cai, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, J., and Dai, Y. (2025). Global burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases (1990-2021) with healthcare workforce analysis and projections to 2035. BMC Gastroenterol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03842-x"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e45704","article-title":"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus open cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"Mannam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2747-x","article-title":"Early Cholecystectomy Is Superior to Delayed Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: A Meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12360","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment option for acute calculous cholecystitis: A 10-year experience","volume":"17","author":"Horn","year":"2015","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480006600107","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment for high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis","volume":"66","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496914564107","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective definitive treatment option for acute acalculous cholecystitis","volume":"104","author":"Horn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.01.030","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of high-risk patients presenting with acute cholecystitis: Timing and outcome at a single institution","volume":"214","author":"Zarour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-024-00561-8","article-title":"International Delphi consensus on the management of percutaneous choleystostomy in acute cholecystitis (E-AHPBA, ANS, WSES societies)","volume":"19","author":"Ramia","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cirocchi, R., Amato, L., Ungania, S., Buononato, M., Tebala, G.D., Cirillo, B., Avenia, S., Cozza, V., Costa, G., and Davies, R.J. (2023). Management of acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: Percutaneous gallbladder drainage as a definitive treatment vs. emergency cholecystectomy-systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0094.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.515","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: Diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Yokoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x","article-title":"2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis","volume":"15","author":"Pisano","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"9709242","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis in very elderly patients: Disease management, outcomes, and risk factors for complications","volume":"2019","author":"Cuello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2009.00052.x","article-title":"Systematic review of cholecystostomy as a treatment option in acute cholecystitis","volume":"11","author":"Winbladh","year":"2009","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04194-0","article-title":"Clinical and survival outcomes using percutaneous cholecystostomy tube alone or subsequent interval cholecystectomy to treat acute cholecystitis","volume":"24","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4236\/ss.2017.83017","article-title":"Percutaneous Cholecystostomy in high risk patients with acute cholecystitis","volume":"8","author":"Mir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5112-5","article-title":"Role of percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute acalculous cholecystitis: Clinical outcomes of 271 patients","volume":"24","author":"Noh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-1965-8","article-title":"Outcome after percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: A single-center experience","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2012.00610.x","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of a percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: A multicentre analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sanjay","year":"2013","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"49","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of calculous acute cholecystitis","volume":"47","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Port. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2021.08.223","article-title":"Bile duct injuries during urgent cholecystectomy: Analysis of 1320 acute cholecystitis cohort","volume":"23","author":"Pinillos","year":"2021","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-7871-4","article-title":"Bile duct injuries at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A single-institution prospective study. acute cholecystitis indicates an increased risk","volume":"29","author":"Frozanpor","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5790-8","article-title":"Characterization of common bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a high-volume hospital system","volume":"32","author":"Kohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1159\/000455241","article-title":"Early cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in the elderly population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Loozen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.H., Wu, C.Y., Yang, J.C., Lien, W.C., Wang, H.P., Liu, K.L., Wu, Y.-M., and Chen, S.-C. (2016). Long-term outcomes of patients with acute cholecystitis after successful percutaneous cholecystostomy treatment and the risk factors for recurrence: A decade experience at a single center. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148017"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.06.051","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis-predictors of recurrence and interval cholecystectomy","volume":"232","author":"Bhatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.304","article-title":"Outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy and predictors of eventual cholecystectomy","volume":"23","author":"Yeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:26:20Z","timestamp":1767698780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15020413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15020413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}