{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1767942041139,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbances are prevalent among children receiving pediatric palliative care (PPC) and have a substantial negative impact on the quality of life of both patients and their families. This scoping review aims to examine further key factors contributing to sleep disturbances in PPC by analyzing available clinical studies, focusing on child-related aspects such as pain, repositioning, and epilepsy, as well as environmental factors such as light, noise, and the care setting. In addition, we discuss the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration in improving sleep outcomes for this population and provide clinical implications. Future research should prioritize developing evidence-based interventions to optimize sleep and enhance the well-being of children with PPC needs and their caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:09:36Z","timestamp":1767712176000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Sleep Challenges in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Patient-Focused Scoping Review and Implications for Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Varallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5142-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mercante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Gnazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Testoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8312-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca","family":"Benini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Palliative Care, Pain Service, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Amarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Hospice Maria Teresa Chiantore Seragnoli, 40139 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maristella","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-3353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Rubichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Pizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Plazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acdb.2020.11.003","article-title":"The Relation between Sleep and Neurocognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood: A Neuroscience Perspective","volume":"Volume 60","author":"Basile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Child Development and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000508055","article-title":"Sleep and Early Brain Development","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70008-2","article-title":"Physiology of during Sleep Growth Hormone Secretion","volume":"128","author":"Plat","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.19.2.0329","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children and Adults","volume":"19","author":"Shalet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.08.004","article-title":"Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Meltzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0","article-title":"Sleep and Immune Function","volume":"463","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02825-4","article-title":"Role of Sleep Deprivation in Immune-Related Disease Risk and Outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Garbarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9476","article-title":"Sleep Is Essential to Health: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Position Statement","volume":"17","author":"Ramar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.08.007","article-title":"The Impact of Sleep on Adolescent Depressed Mood, Alertness and Academic Performance","volume":"36","author":"Short","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S134864","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Health Consequences of Sleep Disruption","volume":"9","author":"Medic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-018-0258-8","article-title":"The Relationship between the Development of Social Competence and Sleep in Infants: A Longitudinal Study 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences 1701 Psychology","volume":"12","author":"Tomisaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.03.012","article-title":"Sleep Problems in Children and Adolescents with Common Medical Conditions","volume":"58","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.08.007","article-title":"The Association of Sleep and Pain: An Update and a Path Forward","volume":"14","author":"Finan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation","volume":"80","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.08.021","article-title":"Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.11.004","article-title":"Health Economics of Insomnia Treatments: The Return on Investment for a Good Night\u2019s Sleep","volume":"30","author":"Wickwire","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16663","article-title":"International Project on Troublesome Symptoms in Paediatric Palliative Care Will Focus on Neuro-Irritability, Dystonia and Sleep Disorders","volume":"112","author":"Avagnina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). Section on Hospice and Palliative Medicine and Committee on Hospital Care. Pediatric Palliative Care and Hospice Care Commitments, Guidelines, and Recommendations. Pediatrics, 132, 966\u2013972.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2731"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"WHO (1998). Definition of Palliative Care for Children, WHO."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.03.010","article-title":"The Limits of \u201cLife-Limiting\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Macauley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312638","article-title":"Children with Life-Limiting Conditions in Paediatric Intensive Care Units: A National Cohort, Data Linkage Study","volume":"103","author":"Fraser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-019-0681-3","article-title":"A Consensus Conference Report on Defining the Eligibility Criteria for Pediatric Palliative Care in Italy","volume":"45","author":"Jankovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-008-0690-4","article-title":"IMPaCCT: Standards P\u00e4diatrischer Palliativversorgung in Europa","volume":"22","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00952-y","article-title":"An Estimation of the Number of Children Requiring Pediatric Palliative Care in Italy","volume":"47","author":"Benini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2020.0148","article-title":"A Tool for the Evaluation of Clinical Needs and Eligibility to Pediatric Palliative Care: The Validation of the ACCAPED Scale","volume":"24","author":"Lazzarin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e923","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2846","article-title":"Rising National Prevalence of Life-Limiting Conditions in Children in England","volume":"129","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.036","article-title":"Clinically Oriented Subtyping of Chronic Insomnia of Childhood","volume":"196","author":"Bruni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2020.09.001","article-title":"Medications Used for Pediatric Insomnia","volume":"30","author":"Ekambaram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3225","article-title":"Pediatric Palliative Care Patients: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study","volume":"127","author":"Feudtner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreier, L.A., Wager, J., Blankenburg, M., and Zernikow, B. (2018). The Unfavorable Alliance of Pain and Poor Sleep in Children with Life-Limiting Conditions and Severe Psychomotor Impairment. Children, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5070082"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, I.N., Roth, M., and Stavinoha, P.L. (2021). Prevalence of Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Cancer Patients and Their Diagnosis and Management. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121100"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siden, H. (2018). Pediatric Palliative Care for Children with Progressive Non-Malignant Diseases. Children, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5020028"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2119730","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.19730","article-title":"Polysymptomatology in Pediatric Patients Receiving Palliative Care Based on Parent-Reported Data","volume":"4","author":"Feudtner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305246","article-title":"Charting the Territory: Symptoms and Functional Assessment in Children with Progressive, Non-Curable Conditions","volume":"99","author":"Steele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03467-9","article-title":"Facing the Large Variety of Life-Limiting Conditions in Children","volume":"178","author":"Hoell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.04.011","article-title":"Pediatric Palliative Care for Children with Complex Chronic Medical Conditions","volume":"61","author":"Schwantes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.042","article-title":"International Consensus on Sleep Problems in Pediatric Palliative Care: Paving the Way","volume":"119","author":"Mercante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"56","article-title":"Sleep Quality of Children and Caregivers in Pediatric Palliative Care: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"24","author":"Onur","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"56","article-title":"Sleep Quality in Children Requiring Palliative Care and Their Families","volume":"24","author":"Marinetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Riv. Ital. Cure Palliat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.05.023","article-title":"Pain Disrupts Sleep in Children and Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Breau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.11.008","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy: An Integrative Review","volume":"30","author":"Cardoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2008.00907.x","article-title":"Sleep Problems and the Need for Parental Night-Time Attention in Children with Physical Disabilities","volume":"35","author":"Hemmingsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10008","article-title":"Pediatric Sleep and Pain: Etiologies, Consequences, and Clinical Considerations","volume":"18","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101085","article-title":"Sleep Disorders and Chronic Pain Syndromes in the Pediatric Population","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-007-8018-6","article-title":"The Sympathetic Nervous System and Pain","volume":"10","author":"Schlereth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-013-0015-x","article-title":"The Physiologic Effects of Pain on the Endocrine System","volume":"2","author":"Tennant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000027","article-title":"Pain Affects Depression through Anxiety, Fatigue, and Sleep in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Amtmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171002","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1002","article-title":"Pain Assessment and Treatment in Children With Significant Impairment of the Central Nervous System","volume":"139","author":"Hauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/193937","article-title":"Physician Variability in Treating Pain and Irritability of Unknown Origin in Children with Severe Neurological Impairment","volume":"18","author":"Siden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001198","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy","volume":"48","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.08.793","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Correlates","volume":"15","author":"Romeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073811408902","article-title":"Sleep in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Constantin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, B., Aung, T., Geng, Y., and Wang, S. (2020). Epilepsy and Its Interaction With Sleep and Circadian Rhythm. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00327"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-022-00094-0","article-title":"The interaction between circadian rhythm and epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Epileptol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02603.x","article-title":"Sleep Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy and Their Relationship with Maternal Sleep and Depression","volume":"101","author":"Wayte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12025","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"101","author":"Bloetzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4149","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Sleep in Hospitalized Pediatric Cancer Patients","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.793196","article-title":"Effects of Artificial Dawn and Morning Blue Light on Daytime Cognitive Performance, Well-Being, Cortisol and Melatonin Levels","volume":"30","author":"Gabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijk, D.J., Duffy, J.F., Silva, E.J., Shanahan, T.L., Boivin, D.B., and Czeisler, C.A. (2012). Amplitude Reduction and Phase Shifts of Melatonin, Cortisol and Other Circadian Rhythms after a Gradual Advance of Sleep and Light Exposure in Humans. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030037"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basner, M., and McGuire, S. (2018). WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Effects on Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030519"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1188\/12.ONF.553-561","article-title":"Nighttime Sleep Disruptions, the Hospital Care Environment, and Symptoms in Elementary School-Age Children with Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Linder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-023-01866-8","article-title":"Psychosocial Determinants of Sleep Behavior and Healthy Sleep Among Adolescents: A Two-Wave Panel Study","volume":"53","author":"Delfmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000013","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances in Pediatric Chronic Pain Patients: The Role of Cognitions","volume":"1","author":"Puzino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00447-0","article-title":"Sleep and Mental Health in Childhood: A Multi-Method Study in the General Pediatric Population","volume":"16","author":"Blok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.05.002","article-title":"Preliminary Evidence for Sleep Complaints among Children Referred for Anxiety","volume":"7","author":"Alfano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010","article-title":"Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders A Meta-Analysis","volume":"49","author":"Benca","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(03)00178-0","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Pediatric Sleeplessness","volume":"51","author":"Meltzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2025.04.003","article-title":"Towards New Perspectives: International Consensus Guidance on Dystonia in Pediatric Palliative Care","volume":"56","author":"Mercante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200525","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200525","article-title":"Insights from the International Consensus on Neuro-Irritability in Pediatric Palliative Care","volume":"15","author":"Mercante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.11.008","article-title":"Light Exposure in the Natural Environment: Relevance to Mood and Sleep Disorders","volume":"8","author":"Dumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund, L., S\u00f8lvh\u00f8j, I.N., Danielsen, D., and Andersen, S. (2021). Electronic Media Use and Sleep in Children and Adolescents in Western Countries: A Systematic Review. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11640-9"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2341","article-title":"Association between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"170","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2023.2216470","article-title":"Bedtime Digital Media Use, Sleep and Fatigue among Survivors of Childhood Cancer, Their Siblings and Healthy Control Sibling Pairs","volume":"28","author":"Merz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Liang, X., Ming, W., Xing, H., Wang, Y., and Gao, Y. (2024). A Scoping Review of Digital Technology Applications in Palliative Care. BMC Palliat. Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01626-w"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.727","article-title":"Are Parenting Behaviors Associated with Child Sleep Problems during Treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?","volume":"5","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1043454209358890","article-title":"Sleep Habits and Fatigue of Children Receiving Maintenance Chemotherapy for All and Their Parents","volume":"27","author":"Zupanec","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreier, L.A., Zernikow, B., Stening, K., and Wager, J. (2021). Insights into the Frequency and Distinguishing Features of Sleep Disorders in Pediatric Palliative Care Incorporating a Systematic Sleep Protocol. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8010054"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Mindell, J.A., and Owens, J.A. (2015). A Clinical Guide to Pediatric Sleep: Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Problems, Wolters Kluwer. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreier, L., Kapanci, T., Lonnemann, K., Koch-Hogrebe, M., Wiethoff-Ubrig, L., Rauchenzauner, M., Blankenburg, M., Zernikow, B., Wager, J., and Rostasy, K. (2021). Assessment of Sleep-Related Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy Using the SNAKE Sleep Questionnaire. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090772"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13881","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13881","article-title":"Development and Preliminary Validation of the Sleep Screening for Children and Adolescents with Complex Chronic Conditions (SCAC)","volume":"32","author":"Kubek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.07.012","article-title":"Partial Endorsement of: \u201cVideo-Polysomnography Procedures for Diagnosis of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) and the Identification of Its Prodromal Stages: Guidelines from the International RBD Study Group\u201d by the World Sleep Society","volume":"110","author":"Schenck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-020-00197-5","article-title":"Clinician-Focused Overview and Developments in Polysomnography","volume":"6","author":"Markun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.10.002","article-title":"Use of Actigraphy for Assessment in Pediatric Sleep Research","volume":"16","author":"Meltzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.12.1549","article-title":"\u201cStepped Care\u201d: A Health Technology Solution for Delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a First Line Insomnia Treatment","volume":"32","author":"Espie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2841","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"163","author":"Trauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818821030","article-title":"Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"McDonagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1686","article-title":"Management of Sleep Disorders in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Blackmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0584-8","article-title":"Off-Label Drugs Use in Pediatric Palliative Care","volume":"44","author":"Marchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:13:48Z","timestamp":1767935628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15020438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15020438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}