{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:04Z","timestamp":1787028664828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry for Research and Education","award":["ECS 00000038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS 00000038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Telemedicine has rapidly expanded in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, but its specific roles and limitations across the care pathway remain unclear. This narrative review aimed to map telemedicine modalities and indications in OMFS, summarize reported outcomes, and identify priorities for future research. Methods: A narrative synthesis was undertaken after a systematic search of medical and engineering databases to 10 October 2025. Studies applying telemedicine, telehealth, telepresence or teleradiology to OMFS practice were eligible, including trials, observational cohorts, technical reports and surveys. Data were extracted in duplicate and organized thematically; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. Results: Fifty studies met the inclusion criteria. Telemedicine was mainly used for preoperative consultation and triage, postoperative follow-up, trauma teleradiology and tele-expertise, oncologic and oral medicine follow-up, temporomandibular disorders, and education or humanitarian work. In low-risk outpatient and postoperative settings, remote consultations showed high concordance with in-person plans, similar complication or reattendance rates, reduced travel, and high satisfaction. In trauma networks, telemedicine supported timely triage and reduced unnecessary inter-hospital transfers. Evidence in oral oncology and complex mucosal disease was more cautious, favouring hybrid models and escalation to face-to-face assessment. Data on cost-effectiveness and impacts on equity were limited. Conclusions: Telemedicine in OMFS has moved from niche innovation to a pragmatic adjunct across the clinical pathway. Current evidence supports its use for selected pre- and postoperative care and trauma triage within risk-stratified hybrid models, while underscoring the need for stronger comparative and implementation studies, clear governance on equity and data protection, and alignment with wider digital and AI-enabled health systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1767778452000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Telemedicine in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Narrative Review of Clinical Applications, Outcomes and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Micheluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, Sassari University Hospital, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Elsan Polyclinic of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna Kore, 94019 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1080-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Maglitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Section, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-0048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cammaroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Department, ENT & Oral Surgery Unity, G.B. Morgagni, L. Pierantoni Hospital, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Troise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Section, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Chiesa-Estomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20001 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Consorti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals\u2014Umberto I, 60129 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60129 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6830-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Cirignaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Marche University Hospitals\u2014Umberto I, 60129 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1457-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Saibene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, 81841 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannicola","family":"Iannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of \u2018Organi di Senso\u2019, University \u201cSapienza\u201d, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 33, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Navarro-Cu\u00e9llar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hospital Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Maria","family":"Soro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Management Office, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3947-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Section, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavino","family":"Casu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Interventional Cardiology, Sassari University Hospital, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"De Riu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.05.027","article-title":"Considerations for oral and maxillofacial surgeons in COVID-19 era: Can we sustain the solutions to keep our patients and healthcare personnel safe?","volume":"78","author":"Chigurupati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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