{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T12:20:57Z","timestamp":1767874857213,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Common variable immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by defects in antibody production and immune dysregulation, associated with infections and autoimmunity. Although structural and cognitive effects of CVID on the central nervous system have attracted attention in recent years, studies jointly addressing volumetric brain imaging and neurocognitive evaluation remain limited. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 35 patients with common variable immunodeficiency and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated. Cognitive performance was assessed in all participants using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. High-resolution T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging scans underwent automated segmentation using the volBrain platform, yielding quantitative volumetric measurements of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures, as well as ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid. Intergroup comparisons were performed using independent t-tests and analysis of variance. Results: MoCA scores were significantly lower in patients with CVID. Volumetric analysis revealed prominent reductions in the volumes of total brain tissue, gray matter, cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Paralleling these findings, cerebrospinal fluid and lateral ventricle volumes were increased. Additional volume losses were detected in CVID patients with low MoCA scores. In CVID patients with autoimmunity, volume loss affected broader areas. Conclusions: CVID appears to be associated with structural brain changes and cognitive impairments. Chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation may contribute to these neurodegenerative processes. Regular neurocognitive monitoring and further prospective studies are warranted in patients with CVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:10:50Z","timestamp":1767867050000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain Volume Alterations and Cognitive Functions in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Evaluating the Impact of Autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8941-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"Sadi Aykan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Health Sciences University G\u00fclhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duygu","family":"Ak\u0131n Sayg\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6595-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"\u00c7\u00f6lkesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Necdet","family":"Poyraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Recep","family":"Evcen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University Training and Research Hospital, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1117-6872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Batman Training and Research Hospital, 72060 Batman, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9596-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eray","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Necip Faz\u0131l City Hospital, 46100 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2427-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"\u00d6nalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0519-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Arzu","family":"Akku\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0648-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Erat \u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cemile Buket","family":"Tu\u011fan Y\u0131ld\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University, 46100 Kahramanmara\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganime Dilek","family":"Emlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0343-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eevket","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0388","article-title":"Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Classification, and Management","volume":"30","author":"Yazdani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0941-0","article-title":"The burden of common variable immunodeficiency disorders: A retrospective analysis of the European Society for Immunodeficiency (ESID) registry data","volume":"13","author":"Odnoletkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"372","article-title":"Correlation between common variable immunodeficiency clinical phenotypes and parental consanguinity in children and adults","volume":"20","author":"Aghamohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-016-0336-8","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"36","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danieli, M.G., Murdaca, G., Mezzanotte, C., Claudi, I., Buti, E., Martini, M., Bilo, M.B., Gangemi, S., and Moroncini, G. (2025). Polyautoimmunity Reflecting Immune Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030552"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wozniak, M.M., Zbroja, M., Matuszek, M., Pustelniak, O., Cyranka, W., Drelich, K., Kopyto, E., Materniak, A., Slomka, T., and Cebula, M. (2022). Epilepsy in Pediatric Patients-Evaluation of Brain Structures\u2019 Volume Using VolBrain Software. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164657"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manjon, J.V., and Coupe, P. (2016). volBrain: An Online MRI Brain Volumetry System. Front. Neuroinform., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2016.00030"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manjon, J.V., Romero, J.E., Vivo-Hernando, R., Rubio, G., Aparici, F., de la Iglesia-Vaya, M., and Coupe, P. (2022). vol2Brain: A New Online Pipeline for Whole Brain MRI Analysis. Front. Neuroinform., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2022.862805"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e67799","article-title":"Granulomatous Brain Involvement in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Rocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200088","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200088","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Impact on Quality of Life","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104086","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency and its inflammatory neurological manifestations: A case report and literature review","volume":"67","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7623643","article-title":"The Central Nervous System Effects and Mimicry of Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID): A Case Report with Literature Review","volume":"2019","author":"Farshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Increased Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of the Thalamus Correlated With Symptom Severity and Brain Volume Alterations in Patients With Schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.004","article-title":"The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) Registry Working Definitions for the Clinical Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Seidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119616","article-title":"High-resolution atlasing and segmentation of the subcortex: Review and perspective on challenges and opportunities created by machine learning","volume":"263","author":"Casamitjana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","article-title":"Local-Global Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex from Intrinsic Functional Connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"166","article-title":"Montreal bili\u015fsel de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi (MOB\u0130D)\u2019nin hafif bili\u015fsel bozukluk ve alzhe\u0131mer hastalar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt edebilme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn incelenmesi","volume":"13","author":"SELEKLER","year":"2010","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Geriatr. Derg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.30569\/adiyamansaglik.1355955","article-title":"Comparison of brain volume measurements in methamphetamine use disorder with healthy individuals using volbrain method","volume":"9","author":"Deniz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ad\u0131yaman \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilim. Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.51271\/KMJ-0142","article-title":"Comparison of detailed brain volume measurements in schizophrenia with healthy individuals","volume":"4","author":"Deniz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kastamonu Med. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.54729\/KTPE9512","article-title":"Normality Testing Methods and the Importance of Skewness and Kurtosis in Statistical Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hatem","year":"2022","journal-title":"BAU J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2023.06.012","article-title":"Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"108","author":"Remiker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0051-0","article-title":"Autoimmunity in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"9","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-377945","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades","volume":"119","author":"Resnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kuwar Chhetri, P., and Das, J.M. (2025). Neuroanatomy, Neural Tube Development and Stages. StatPearls, Treasure Island."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Dominguez, M. (2025). Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Dual Roles, and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurological Disorders. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060417"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"378","author":"Reich","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.215","article-title":"The clinical use of structural MRI in Alzheimer disease","volume":"6","author":"Frisoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Koyama, Y., and Shimada, S. (2022). Inflammation From Peripheral Organs to the Brain: How Does Systemic Inflammation Cause Neuroinflammation?. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.903455"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankowski, R., Mader, S., and Valdes-Ferrer, S.I. (2015). Systemic inflammation and the brain: Novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00028"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Zhu, T., and Zhang, W. (2024). The characteristics of brain atrophy prior to the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A longitudinal study. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1344920"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27429","article-title":"Atrophy of hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei in subjects with mild cognitive impairment progressing to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Punzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Lu, Y., Pan, B.X., and Zhang, W.H. (2022). New Insights into the Pivotal Role of the Amygdala in Inflammation-Related Depression and Anxiety Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911076"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.056","article-title":"Altered temporal variance and functional connectivity of BOLD signal is associated with state anxiety during acute systemic inflammation","volume":"184","author":"Labrenz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, L.B., Zhang, Y.J., Lu, H.L., Liu, L., Zhang, H.J., Fu, Y.F., Wu, X.S., Xu, Y.Q., Li, X.S., and Qiao, Y.T. (2021). Thalamus Radiomics-Based Disease Identification and Prediction of Early Treatment Response for Schizophrenia. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.682777"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v52i1.961","article-title":"Neurological involvement in patients with primary immunodeficiency","volume":"52","author":"Kose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.19.2367","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases","volume":"291","author":"Dalakas","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, H.E., and Cunningham-Rundles, C. (2020). Non-infectious Complications of Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Updated Clinical Spectrum, Sequelae, and Insights to Pathogenesis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00149"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2014_85","article-title":"Evaluation of volumetric changes in differential diagnosis of brain atrophy and active hydrocephalus","volume":"840","author":"Szczepek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-017-0077-y","article-title":"Hyperdynamic CSF motion profiles found in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessed by fluid mechanics derived from magnetic resonance images","volume":"14","author":"Takizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00742-6","article-title":"The relationship between Central Nervous System morphometry changes and key symptoms in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Thapaliya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Back, D.B., Choi, B.R., Kwon, K.J., Choi, D.H., Shin, C.Y., Lee, J., and Kim, H.Y. (2025). Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation and cerebral lymphatic drainage in a rat model of chronic hydrocephalus. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2025.1516265"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210503","article-title":"Quantitative Gradient Echo MRI Identifies Dark Matter as a New Imaging Biomarker of Neurodegeneration that Precedes Tisssue Atrophy in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"85","author":"Kothapalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0438-z","article-title":"Secondary prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: Neuroimaging contributions","volume":"10","author":"Ingala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199139","article-title":"Neuroscience. Change in the brain\u2019s white matter","volume":"330","author":"Fields","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Ran, M., Li, H., Lin, Y., Ma, K., Yang, Y., Fu, X., and Yang, S. (2022). New insight into neurological degeneration: Inflammatory cytokines and blood-brain barrier. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beltran-Velasco, A.I., and Clemente-Suarez, V.J. (2025). Impact of Peripheral Inflammation on Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062440"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronnback, C., and Hansson, E. (2019). The Importance and Control of Low-Grade Inflammation Due to Damage of Cellular Barrier Systems That May Lead to Systemic Inflammation. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00533"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666160202125914","article-title":"Inflammatory Mechanisms and Oxidative Stress as Key Factors Responsible for Progression of Neurodegeneration: Role of Brain Innate Immune System","volume":"15","author":"Leszek","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:26:58Z","timestamp":1767868018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/2\/503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15020503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15020503","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}