{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1768227016503,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Mayo Clinic, Arizona"},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The effect of intrauterine exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on neurodevelopment and growth trajectories during the first year of life remains under investigation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of all pregnant women who received care at Mayo Health System and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR) from March 2020 through October 2021 and examined the effects of fetal sex and trimester of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on the risk of neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosis and growth trajectories of head circumference (HC) and body weight (BW) percentiles over the first year of life using linear mixed models. Results: We observed that a higher percentage of male infants (n = 357), compared to females (n = 344), have neurodevelopmental disorders (10.9% vs. 5.2%, p = 0.008), and infants exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the second (n = 183) or third trimester (n = 358) have a higher prevalence of neurological diagnoses compared to those exposed in the first trimester (n = 160) (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester: 0% vs. 0.9% vs. 0.7%, respectively, p = 0.037). In addition, female infants, compared to males, had significantly lower BW (B = \u22120.04, p &lt; 0.0001) and HC (B = \u22120.06, p &lt; 0.0001) percentile growth trajectories over the first year of life. Moreover, infants exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the second trimester had a significantly lower BW percentile growth trajectory (B = \u22120.01, p = 0.006), while infants exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the third trimester had a significantly lower HC percentile growth trajectory (B = \u22120.02, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection could have long-term effects on growth trajectories, depending on the infant\u2019s sex and timing of exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T10:25:23Z","timestamp":1768213523000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Timing of Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impacts Neurodevelopment and Growth Trajectories During the First Year of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alix School of Medicine at Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s M.","family":"Trevi\u00f1o-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Pediatric Neurology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-2163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Cabeza de Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity & Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology & Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Piaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity & Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology & Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Yehia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz E.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Lu\u00e9vanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Pediatric Neurology, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0652-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama A.","family":"Abulseoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2014.05.004","article-title":"Does in utero exposure to Illness matter? 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