{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:19:51Z","timestamp":1791429591993,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":300,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN PNRR 2022","award":["P2022M457Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2022M457Z"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) remain frequent and increase morbidity, mortality, and resource use. Preoperative risk scores (ARISCAT, NSQIP-derived calculators) use mostly static variables and may miss the dynamic perioperative host response preceding respiratory deterioration or infection. We address the gap in clinically interpretable syntheses of perioperative blood biomarker trajectories that distinguish infectious from non-infectious PPCs and clarify bedside-ready versus exploratory markers. Methods: We conducted a narrative review with a structured Medline search (inception to 1 November 2025) plus reference screening. We included English-language adult surgical studies (observational or interventional) evaluating perioperative blood biomarkers in relation to PPCs or postoperative pulmonary infection; case reports, editorials, and reviews were excluded. No formal risk-of-bias assessment or quantitative meta-analysis was performed. Results: Across 298 cited publications, serial patterns of routinely available biomarkers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lactate, albumin, and leukocyte-derived indices) were most consistently associated with PPC risk and helped separate expected postoperative inflammation from evolving infection when interpreted longitudinally rather than as single values. Mechanistic biomarkers (cytokines\/immune-function assays, endothelial injury and coagulation\/fibrinolysis markers, oxidative stress indicators) add biological insight but are limited by assay availability, heterogeneous sampling windows, and absent standardized cut-offs. Omics signatures and machine learning models combining biomarker kinetics with clinical variables are promising but require prospective, transportable validation. Conclusions: Key barriers to implementation include biological variability, non-specificity across postoperative syndromes, heterogeneous sampling windows, and lack of standardized cut-offs. Integrating multimarker panels into validated, dynamic predictive frameworks represents a promising direction for perioperative precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1768475601000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Perioperative Blood Biomarkers of Infectious and Non-Infectious Postoperative Pulmonary Complications: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8195-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7685-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Amaddeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"General Surgery Unit, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Rizzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"General Surgery Unit, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Marascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Longhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Matera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical Microbiology, \u201cR. Dulbecco\u201d Teaching Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.04.011","article-title":"Perioperative strategies for the reduction of postoperative pulmonary complications","volume":"34","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200005000-00037","article-title":"Preventing postoperative pulmonary complications: The role of the anesthesiologist","volume":"92","author":"Warner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauseo, M., Spadaro, S., Mirabella, L., Cotoia, A., Laforgia, D., Gaudino, G., Vinella, F., Ferrara, G., Gattullo, A., and Tullo, L. (2023). 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