{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:50:59Z","timestamp":1786441859275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dual Disorders Foundation [Fundaci\u00f3n Patolog\u00eda Dual]"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2020-117767GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117767GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RD24\/0003\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0003\/0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PND2024-I092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PND2024-I092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The treatment of dual disorders (DDs) must be comprehensive and multidisciplinary. There is evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychotherapy in their treatment. However, clinical guidelines, consensus statements, and reviews on the treatment of DDs typically devote considerably less space to psychological therapy than to pharmacological therapy. Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize the available evidence, recommendations, and clinical experience on the psychological treatment of DDs to reach a consensus. Methods: Two consensus methods were sequentially implemented: the nominal group technique and the Delphi method. Results: The first part of this consensus review encompassed a compilation of general recommendations for the psychological treatment of DDs, evidence on the efficacy of the most frequently used therapies, and recommendations for the psychological treatment of severe dual mental disorders. These disorders include schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders. Conclusions: (1) Psychological treatment is effective; (2) integrated psychological treatment is more effective; (3) motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, and relapse prevention are the psychological interventions with the most supporting evidence; (4) the best alternative is multicomponent strategies; (5) the most frequently studied severe mental disorders are schizophrenia and depression; (6) for dual schizophrenia, motivational interviewing and integrated cognitive behavioral therapy combined with other components are recommended; (7) for dual depression, cognitive behavioral therapy with relapse prevention or motivational interviewing is recommended; (8) for dual bipolar disorder, group therapies with psychoeducation or relapse prevention and inclusion of the family, contingency management, and family intervention are recommended; (9) more empirical evidence is needed, especially for obsessive compulsive and schizoaffective disorders; and (10) more randomized clinical trials are needed to improve current methodological limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1768550901000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["WADD-SEPD Consensus on Psychological Treatment of Dual Disorders I: General Recommendations, Most Used Therapies, and Severe Mental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Benito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"TXP Research Group, Medicine Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Torrente Mental Health Unit, General University Hospital of Valencia, 46900 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, ISCIII, 28029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Tirado-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019899975","article-title":"Dual diagnosis: A systematic review of the organization of community health services","volume":"66","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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