{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:57:53Z","timestamp":1779883073371,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (JIA-U) is a rare condition, and assessment of the efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, synthetic (sDMARD) or biological (bDMARD), in randomized trials is hindered by this fact. Methods: In this prospective longitudinal study, we observed 38 children aged 1.3 to 15.2 years, with 69 eyes affected with JIA-U for 1970 overall eye examinations (6\u201359, median 16) irregularly scattered across 4.4\u201387.6 months (median 21.6) of follow-up, with on- and off-periods of DMARD use and use of topical treatments. Results: With adjustment for several time-invariant and time-varying covariates, periods of exposure to sDMARD vs. no DMARD exposure were associated with peak benefits of 15\u201320% lower probability of having more severe anterior chamber (AC) inflammation and a similar relative reduction in the daily use of topical corticosteroids (TCS). Periods of bDMARD exposure or of bDMARD + sDMARD exposure vs. no DMARD use were associated with peak benefits of an around 50% reduction in the probability of having more severe AC inflammation, and peak benefits of an around 60\u201365% reduction in TCS use. Conclusions: The observations regarding bDMARD (only) or bDMARD + sDMARD exposure are in agreement with the extent of benefits suggested for adalimumab vs. placebo (+background sDMARD) in the only existing randomized trial in this setting evaluating AC inflammation and TCS use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy, Anterior Chamber Inflammation, and the Use of Topical Corticosteroids in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis: A Long-Term Real-Life Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7844-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Bari\u0161i\u0107 Kutija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7965-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Peri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"\u0160estan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2578-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra Kristina","family":"Ivki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Galiot Deli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Juki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6080-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip","family":"Kne\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1520-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijan","family":"Frkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Trkulja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1728-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Jelu\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7561-8858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad","family":"Vukojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD013818","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis","volume":"10","author":"Renton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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