{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:24:06Z","timestamp":1785612246081,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Isolated cleft lips and\/or palates often require orthognathic treatment. Traditional planning based on 2D images and plaster models limits precision; therefore, virtual surgical planning (VSP) and Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD\/CAM) technologies are increasingly being used. The aim of this scoping review was to analyze the techniques, outcomes, and gaps in research on VSP in orthognathics for patients with isolated (non-syndromic) clefts. Methods: Searches were conducted in July 2025 in seven databases (including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane) without language restrictions, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Of the 2836 records, 36 publications were eligible after deduplication and full-text screening, and their Level of Evidence (LoE) was assessed using the Oxford CEBM scale. A risk of bias assessment was also conducted according to JBI tools. Results: The identified studies primarily comprised LoE III and IV; there were no systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials (LoE I). Descriptions of bimaxillary procedures and LeFort I osteotomies dominated. The most commonly used software was ProPlan CMF, Dolphin 3D, and Rhinoceros, although other tools have emerged in recent years. The available studies suggest that VSP increases translational and rotational accuracy and facilitates individualized treatment, and bimaxillary procedures bring better functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. Conclusions: Despite the growing interest in VSP in orthognathics, the scientific evidence is limited and mostly of lower quality. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to assess the long-term stability, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of modern technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) in Orthognathic Surgery for Non-Syndromic Cleft Patients: A Scoping Review of Trends and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3884-7834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Dr\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Rydygier Hospital, os. Z\u0142otej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4985-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Bli\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Rydygier Hospital, os. Z\u0142otej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6758-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Lubecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0532-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Wo\u0142oszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Clinic Outpatient Care Center, University Dental Clinic in Krak\u00f3w, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"K\u0119ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, \u015awi\u0119tej Anny 12, 33-332 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-4811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Szuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Oral Surgery, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Montelupich 4, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Wo\u0142oska 137 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620949113","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Single-Splint 2-Jaw Cleft Orthognathic Surgery: Toward Patient-Centered Surgical Rationale","volume":"57","author":"Denadai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.63344","article-title":"Associated Anomalies in Pierre Robin Sequence","volume":"191","author":"Stoll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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