{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:57:15Z","timestamp":1791266235020,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) is increasingly recognized as a valuable imaging modality in structural heart interventions, offering high-resolution, real-time visualization from within the cardiac chambers. Originally developed for electrophysiologic procedures, ICE has expanded its use across a broad spectrum of structural interventions, including atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), transseptal puncture guidance, transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER), balloon mitral valvuloplasty, and both mitral and tricuspid valve therapies. This review outlines the current role and technical principles of ICE, with an emphasis on catheter design, image acquisition protocols, and the emerging potential of 3D ICE. Comparisons with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and fluoroscopy are discussed, highlighting ICE\u2019s ability to support minimally invasive, sedation-sparing procedures while maintaining procedural precision. We provide a focused analysis of ICE-guided applications in specific clinical scenarios, emphasizing its role in anatomical assessment, device navigation, and intra-procedural monitoring. Data from recent clinical studies and registries are reviewed to assess safety, feasibility, and outcomes. Practical considerations including operator learning curve, workflow integration, and limitations such as cost and field of view are also addressed. Lastly, we explore future directions including advanced 3D imaging, fusion imaging, artificial intelligence integration, and robotic catheter systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15030926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intracardiac Echocardiography in Structural Heart Interventions: A Comprehensive Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Leuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Cerrato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Cardiology Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antongiulio","family":"Maione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Attisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Meucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Vecchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed Mediterranean Neurological Institute, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Galasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Maria","family":"Di Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-304430","article-title":"Almanac 2013: Novel non-coronary cardiac interventions","volume":"99","author":"Meier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2133","article-title":"Transcatheter Treatment of Valvular Heart Disease: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.01.007","article-title":"SCAI\/HRS expert consensus statement on transcatheter left atrial appendage closure","volume":"20","author":"Saw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardetti, N., Ciatti, F., Nardi, G., Di Muro, F.M., Demola, P., Sottili, E., Stolcova, M., Ristalli, F., Mattesini, A., and Meucci, F. (2021). Advancements in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Focused Update. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57070711"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.07.009","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists","volume":"26","author":"Hahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90558-Q","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography: Procedures and clinical application","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001342","article-title":"Considerations of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography During Adult Cardiac Surgery: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"152","author":"Rong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031343","article-title":"Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Interventional Cardiology: Working with the Anatomy Rather Than Fighting It","volume":"137","author":"Enriquez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"627","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography: Evolving use in interventional cardiology","volume":"33","author":"Tops","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01764-8","article-title":"Intracardiac phased-array imaging: Methods and initial clinical experience with high resolution, under blood visualization: Initial experience with intracardiac phased-array ultrasound","volume":"39","author":"Packer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.753046","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography during interventional and electrophysiological cardiac catheterization","volume":"119","author":"Hijazi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.05.015","article-title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions","volume":"28","author":"Silvestry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16531","article-title":"Preclinical Experience Using 4D Intracardiac Echocardiography to Guide Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures","volume":"36","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15251","article-title":"Use of a novel 4D intracardiac echocardiography catheter to guide interventional electrophysiology procedures","volume":"32","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"454","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography during interventional procedures","volume":"1","author":"Vaina","year":"2006","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.003","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA\/ASE Advanced Training Statement on Echocardiography (Revision of the 2003 ACC\/AHA Clinical Competence Statement on Echocardiography): A Report of the ACC Competency Management Committee","volume":"74","author":"Wiegers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht411","article-title":"Why is intracardiac echocardiography helpful? Benefits, costs, and how to learn","volume":"35","author":"Bartel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"103946","article-title":"SCAI Position Statement on Intracardiac Echocardiography to Guide Structural Heart Disease Interventions","volume":"4","author":"Eleid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Angiogr. Interv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.05.048","article-title":"Comparison of costs of intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography in monitoring percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect in children and adults","volume":"94","author":"Alboliras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Long, D., Chu, H., Fu, H., Han, X., Jiang, C., Li, Y., Li, X., Tang, M., and Wang, Z. (2022). Intracardiac echocardiography Chinese expert consensus. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02616-5","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography guided device closure of atrial septal defects","volume":"41","author":"Mullen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.04.037","article-title":"Anatomic Approach to Transseptal Puncture for Structural Heart Interventions","volume":"14","author":"Simard","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.06.056","article-title":"Intracardiac Echocardiography in Structural Heart Disease Interventions","volume":"11","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.01.011","article-title":"Transseptal puncture: Review of anatomy, techniques, complications and challenges, a critical view","volume":"351","author":"Almendarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.15590","article-title":"Transseptal puncture for left atrial ablation: Risk factors for cardiac tamponade and a proposed causative classification system","volume":"33","author":"Maclean","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2009.04.019","article-title":"Iatrogenic pericardial effusion and tamponade in the percutaneous intracardiac intervention era","volume":"2","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"447","article-title":"Incidence and management of inadvertent puncture and sheath placement in the aorta during attempted transseptal puncture","volume":"19","author":"Wasmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Inadvertent transseptal puncture into the aortic root: The narrow edge between luck and catastrophe in interventional cardiology","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02259.x","article-title":"Incidence of asymptomatic cerebral microthromboembolism after atrial fibrillation ablation guided by complex fractionated atrial electrogram","volume":"23","author":"Ichiki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"325","article-title":"Asymptomatic cerebral lesions during pulmonary vein isolation under uninterrupted oral anticoagulation","volume":"15","author":"Martinek","year":"2013","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2024.02.015","article-title":"Strategy to optimize PeriproCeduraL AnticOagulation in structural transseptal interventions: Design and rationale of the STOP CLOT trial","volume":"271","author":"Mioduszewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.05.012","article-title":"2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Calkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"257","article-title":"Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects","volume":"25","author":"Kazmouz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"404","article-title":"Morphological Characteristics of Interatrial Septum and Its Clinical Relevance","volume":"105","author":"Yeshwanthi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet048","article-title":"Device closure of interatrial communications: Peri-interventional echocardiographic assessment","volume":"14","author":"Bartel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"416","article-title":"Left atrial appendage occlusion and patent foramen ovale closure using a steerable sheath and intracardiac echocardiography","volume":"104","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-23-00915","article-title":"Treatment of patent foramen ovale","volume":"21","author":"Pristipino","year":"2025","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15724","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15724","article-title":"A comparison of intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography for guiding device closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect: A 15-year experience","volume":"41","author":"Acquaviva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Periprocedural Outcomes of Fluoroscopy-Guided Patent Foramen Ovale Closure with Selective Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Kotecha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2024.10.024","article-title":"State of the Art in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion","volume":"11","author":"Garg","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJY19M08_01","article-title":"EHRA\/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion\u2014An update","volume":"15","author":"Glikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.09.021","article-title":"Left atrial appendage occlusion using intracardiac echocardiography","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"356","article-title":"Single trans-septal access technique for left atrial intracardiac echocardiography to guide left atrial appendage closure","volume":"91","author":"Aguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"795","article-title":"Facilitation techniques to cross the interatrial septum with intracardiac echocardiography during left atrial appendage closure","volume":"100","author":"Vanhaverbeke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14480","article-title":"Use of a coronary guidewire to facilitate transseptal puncture: A randomized comparison with a conventional technique","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2010.01987.x","article-title":"Troubleshooting Difficult Transseptal Catheterization","volume":"22","author":"Sy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.16243","article-title":"Inter-atrial septal balloon dilation to facilitate intracardiac echocardiography guided left atrial appendage occlusion","volume":"35","author":"Goyal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"169","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography with ultrasound probe placed in the upper left pulmonary vein to guide left atrial appendage closure: First description","volume":"93","author":"Patti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2025.07.009","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging in Evaluating and Guiding Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion","volume":"38","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytac176","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytac176","article-title":"Percutaneous closure of a \u201cwhale tail\u201d left atrial appendage with a Watchman FLX device and pre-procedural FEops HEARTguide patient-specific computational simulation: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Stolcova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.10.024","article-title":"Intracardiac Echocardiography to Guide Watchman FLX Implantation: The ICE LAA Study","volume":"16","author":"Berti","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050117","article-title":"Primary Outcome Evaluation of a Next-Generation Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device: Results from the PINNACLE FLX Trial","volume":"143","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2023.08.004","article-title":"Intracardiac vs Transesophageal Echocardiography for Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion with Watchman FLX in the U.S","volume":"9","author":"Ferro","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.case.2023.09.007","article-title":"Intracardiac Echocardiography-Guided Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair for Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"8","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"CASE"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2021.01.019","article-title":"MitraClip Implantation Guided by Volumetric Intracardiac Echocardiography: Technique and Feasibility in Patients Intolerant to Transesophageal Echocardiography","volume":"28","author":"Yap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Muro, F.M., Spadafora, L., Buonpane, A., Leuzzi, F., Nardi, G., Bossone, E., Biondi Zoccai, G., Attisano, T., Meucci, F., and Di Mario, C. (2025). Functional Mitral Regurgitation in the Transcatheter Era: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pathways. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15080372"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-22-00725","article-title":"Mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair","volume":"18","author":"Hausleiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"100537","article-title":"Mitral Valve Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair Performed Exclusively with 3-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography and Moderate Sedation","volume":"2","author":"Hoffman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cardiovasc. Angiogr. Interv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.042","article-title":"4-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair with the Mitraclip System","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2022.05.022","article-title":"3D Intracardiac Echocardiography in Mitral Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair: When TEE Is Hard to Stomach","volume":"4","author":"Blusztein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"E185","article-title":"Transseptal transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve: A step by step guide from preprocedural planning to postprocedural care","volume":"92","author":"Guerrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.05.038","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography","volume":"14","author":"Pommier","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"234","article-title":"Mitral valve-in-valve with 4D intracardiac echocardiography: Procedural and imaging technique","volume":"103","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa058","article-title":"\u201cMinimalist approach\u201d for transcatheter mitral valve replacement using intracardiac echocardiography and conscious sedation: A case series","volume":"4","author":"Cubeddu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2022.02.016","article-title":"3D Intracardiac Echo-Guided Transseptal Mitral Valve-in-Valve Under Conscious Sedation: Minimalistic Approach TMVR for Same-Day Discharge","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2023.10.004","article-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valve Function with Cardiovascular Imaging: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography","volume":"37","author":"Zoghbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2025, November 09). The Evolving Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Structural Heart Disease Interventions|SCAI n.d. Available online: https:\/\/www.scai.org\/evolving-use-intracardiac-echocardiography-structural-heart-disease-interventions#."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2022.100046","article-title":"Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Mitral Valve Replacement Using 4D Intracardiac Echocardiogram and Conscious Sedation","volume":"6","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Muro, F.M., Cirillo, C., Esposito, L., Silverio, A., Ferruzzi, G.J., D\u2019Elia, D., Formisano, C., Romei, S., Vassallo, M.G., and Di Maio, M. (2024). Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: From Pre-Procedural Planning to Procedural Scenarios and Possible Complications. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020341"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)91084-U","article-title":"Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography in transseptal puncture during percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy","volume":"72","author":"Hung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4065\/71.2.134","article-title":"Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography in complex transseptal catheterization during percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy","volume":"71","author":"Hung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.126771","article-title":"Intracardiac echocardiography using the AcuNav ultrasound catheter during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"E69","article-title":"Use of intracardiac echocardiography to guide percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy: A 20-patient case series","volume":"87","author":"Saji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"385","article-title":"Initial clinical experience with intracardiac echocardiography in guiding balloon mitral valvuloplasty: Technique, safety, utility, and limitations","volume":"63","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2024.100330","article-title":"Intracardiac Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Commissurotomy: Technique and Early Experience","volume":"8","author":"Hassanin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2216709","article-title":"Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"388","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2025.100669","article-title":"Echocardiographic Imaging to Guide Tricuspid Interventions","volume":"9","author":"Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2022.100071","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography for Tricuspid Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair","volume":"6","author":"Chadderdon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytae489","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytae489","article-title":"Four-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair: A case report","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-01078","article-title":"Complementary roles of intracardiac and transoesophageal echocardiography in transcatheter tricuspid interventions","volume":"15","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shj.2025.100662","article-title":"Outcomes of Intracardiac Echocardiography as the Primary Imaging Modality for Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Procedures","volume":"9","author":"Zaqut","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, E.C., Assafin, M., Sugiura, T., Granada, J.F., Chau, M., and Latib, A. (2023). 3-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for structural heart interventions. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1180299"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037019","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037019","article-title":"Multicenter Experience with a Novel Real-Time 3-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography Catheter to Guide Interventional Cardiac Procedures","volume":"14","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.05.012","article-title":"Structural Heart Imaging Using 3-Dimensional Intracardiac Echocardiography: JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Position Statement","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029349","article-title":"Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Ventricular Tachycardia","volume":"136","author":"Mahida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2025.3533485","article-title":"AI-Driven View Guidance System in Intra-Cardiac Echocardiography Imaging","volume":"72","author":"Huh","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02631-1","article-title":"Automated catheter tip repositioning for intra-cardiac echocardiography","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:35:09Z","timestamp":1769506509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15030926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15030926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}}}