{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:46:17Z","timestamp":1790005577456,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Calcinosis cutis universalis is a rare and severe manifestation of dystrophic calcification, most associated with connective tissue diseases such as dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. It is characterized by widespread deposition of calcium salts throughout the soft tissues, leading to pain, recurrent infections, restricted mobility, and significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Management remains challenging due to the absence of standardized treatment guidelines with risks including delayed wound healing and recurrence. Adjunctive therapies may support symptom control in refractory cases. Conclusions: Management of calcinosis cutis universalis requires an individualized, multimodal strategy. Based on available evidence and expert opinion, a stepwise therapeutic decision-making algorithm integrating medical, minimally invasive, and surgical approaches is proposed to guide clinical practice and the variable efficacy of available therapies. This review aims to summarize current therapeutic strategies and to propose a pragmatic approach to clinical decision-making. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. The review focused primarily on calcinosis cutis universalis and severe or extensive forms of calcinosis cutis, with particular emphasis on surgical management and its integration with medical and minimally invasive treatments. Results: Pharmacological treatments\u2014including bisphosphonates, calcium-channel blockers, tetracyclines, phosphate binders, probenecid, immunomodulatory agents, biologics, colchicine, sodium thiosulfate and JAK inhibitors\u2014show heterogeneous and often partial efficacy, with more favorable responses in early or localized disease. Surgical interventions such as excision, curettage, CO2 laser ablation, and reconstructive procedures provide meaningful symptomatic relief in selected patients but are associated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15030959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Calcinosis Cutis Universalis: A Review of Therapeutic Strategies and Surgical Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Giacometti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0394-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilias G.","family":"Petrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Kalbermatten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Scampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v16i1.228","article-title":"Calcinosis Cutis Universalis\u2014A Rare Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erthymatosus","volume":"16","author":"Suleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. 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