{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:48:36Z","timestamp":1785379716930,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2023YFF1203504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1203504"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20250484804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250484804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cochlear implantation (CI) is a well-established intervention for improving auditory and speech development in children with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Nonetheless, postoperative rehabilitation outcomes exhibit substantial individual variability. This review synthesizes contemporary evidence on predictors of rehabilitation success following pediatric CI. A robust set of general factors is consistently linked to more favorable outcomes, including earlier age at implantation (with particular benefit within the first year of life), stronger preoperative receptive language skills and speech recognition, higher developmental quotient and nonverbal intelligence, and higher parental educational level. Regarding hearing-specific variables, later-onset deafness, a shorter duration of deafness, and identifiable etiologies (notably specific genetic mutations such as GJB2 and OTOF) exert significant influence. Furthermore, bilateral CI demonstrates superior outcomes compared to unilateral CI, with the surgical timing (simultaneous versus sequential) and factors such as electrode array selection and placement being critical determinants. Overall, postoperative outcomes arise from a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and environmental factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15030981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of Rehabilitation Outcomes Following Pediatric Cochlear Implantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, No. 56, South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, No. 56, South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7995-7058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiling","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, No. 56, South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, No. 56, South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, No. 56, South Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.21.285643","article-title":"The world report on hearing, 2021","volume":"99","author":"Chadha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17647","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Children: A Review","volume":"324","author":"Lieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, Y.X., Li, J., Wu, D., Zeng, G.X., Cheng, J., Wang, J.Y., Zheng, J.Z., and He, L. (2025). Development and assessment of the health-related quality of life scale for children with hearing loss in China. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21240-y"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2024.112069","article-title":"The impact of hearing loss and cochlear implantation on the quality of life in children","volume":"184","author":"Bukhari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-230284","article-title":"Efficacy of balance exercises intervention on postural control-related impairment in children with sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"54","author":"Kamel","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2309194","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309194","article-title":"Asymmetric Inter-Hemisphere Communication Contributes to Speech Acquisition of Toddlers with Cochlear Implants","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadx1327","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx1327","article-title":"Developmental alterations in brain network asymmetry in 3- to 9-month infants with congenital sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001386","article-title":"Variability in Cochlear Implantation Outcomes in a Large German Cohort with a Genetic Etiology of Hearing Loss","volume":"44","author":"Tropitzsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06409-6","article-title":"Long-term results of cochlear implantation in children with congenital single-sided deafness","volume":"278","author":"Rauch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-H-14-0173","article-title":"Persistent Language Delay Versus Late Language Emergence in Children with Early Cochlear Implantation","volume":"59","author":"Geers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. JSLHR"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004169","article-title":"Auditory Outcomes Following Cochlear Implantation in Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.13075","article-title":"Factors affecting consonant production accuracy in children with cochlear implants: Expressive vocabulary and maternal education","volume":"59","author":"Mahshie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000533298","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation in Children with Auditory Neuropathy: Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bernardes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002849","article-title":"Audiologic Outcome of Cochlear Implantation in Children with Cochlear Nerve Deficiency","volume":"42","author":"Yousef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.574","article-title":"Early pediatric Cochlear implantation: An update","volume":"6","author":"Naik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2143132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.43132","article-title":"Association of Socioeconomic Characteristics with Receipt of Pediatric Cochlear Implantations in California","volume":"5","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14954","article-title":"Cochlear implants before 9 months of age led to more natural spoken language development without increased surgical risks","volume":"109","author":"Karltorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.284","article-title":"Auditory Outcomes in Children Who Undergo Cochlear Implantation Before 12 Months of Age: A Systematic Review","volume":"169","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000915","article-title":"Long-term Communication Outcomes for Children Receiving Cochlear Implants Younger Than 12 Months: A Multicenter Study","volume":"37","author":"Dettman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00039","article-title":"Younger Age at Cochlear Implant Activation Results in Improved Auditory Skill Development for Children with Congenital Deafness","volume":"65","author":"Culbertson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. JSLHR"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2024.00011","article-title":"Early Postoperative Benefits in Receptive and Expressive Language Development After Cochlear Implantation Under 9 Months of Age in Comparison to Implantation at Later Ages","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19088","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines: Cochlear Implants","volume":"30","author":"Messersmith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2023.111514","article-title":"Long-term speech perception and morphosyntactic outcomes in adolescents and young adults implanted in childhood","volume":"167","author":"Mancini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000889","article-title":"Systematic Review on Late Cochlear Implantation in Early-Deafened Adults and Adolescents: Predictors of Performance","volume":"41","author":"Debruyne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2025.06.010","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of cochlear implantation in adolescents with early-onset hearing loss","volume":"52","author":"Yoshida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28061","article-title":"Auditory comprehension outcomes in children who receive a cochlear implant before 12 months of age","volume":"130","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1179\/1754762813Y.0000000043","article-title":"Preschool speech intelligibility and vocabulary skills predict long-term speech and language outcomes following cochlear implantation in early childhood","volume":"15","author":"Castellanos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2021.0374","article-title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Pregnancy: Intellectual Development of Offspring","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001276","article-title":"Simultaneous Bilateral Cochlear Implantation in Very Young Children Improves Adaptability and Social Skills: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2022.2161624","article-title":"The value of nonverbal intelligence in cochlear implant","volume":"143","author":"Dang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4601-0","article-title":"The value of Gesell score in predicting the outcome of cochlear implantation in children","volume":"274","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-21-00076","article-title":"Spectral Modulation Detection Performance and Speech Perception in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients","volume":"30","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24s","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000051687.99218.0F","article-title":"Factors associated with development of speech perception skills in children implanted by age five","volume":"24","author":"Geers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/16513860701659404","article-title":"Estimating the Influence of Cochlear Implantation on Language Development in Children","volume":"5","author":"Geers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Audiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00035","article-title":"Effects of Segmental and Suprasegmental Speech Perception on Reading in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients","volume":"65","author":"Grantham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. JSLHR"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/064)","article-title":"Short-term auditory memory in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to receptive language","volume":"45","author":"Dawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. JSLHR"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2023.2220755","article-title":"Preoperative factors influencing the rate and speed of available communication ability in prelingual paediatric cochlear implantation recipients","volume":"143","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e084278","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-084278","article-title":"Factors affecting the quality of postoperative rehabilitation in children with cochlear implants based on the theory of knowledge, attitude and practice","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.3564","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health and Language and Academic Outcomes in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"151","author":"Mueller","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90073-5","article-title":"The role of socioeconomic factors and third-party support in language development for children with cochlear implants","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e62516","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation Outcomes: A 10-Year Single-Surgeon Experience","volume":"16","author":"Emin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-025-05420-9","article-title":"Prediction of Factors Affecting Speech and Auditory Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Pre-Lingual Deaf Children: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"77","author":"Dhakal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001426","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Cochlear Implantation in Children with Congenital, Perilingual, and Postlingual Single-Sided Deafness","volume":"45","author":"Arndt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"472","article-title":"Early Loss of Spiral Ganglion Neurons in the Auditory System after Noise Trauma","volume":"29","author":"Manchev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759748","article-title":"Temporal Ordering and Auditory Resolution in Individuals with Sensorineural Hearing Loss","volume":"28","author":"Andrade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822eb16c","article-title":"Cochlear implant outcomes in adults and adolescents with early-onset hearing loss","volume":"33","author":"Caposecco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23362","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in children with postlingual hearing loss","volume":"122","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.3852","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation in Children with Single-Sided Deafness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Benchetrit","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyae052","article-title":"Epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis of congenital hearing loss via hearing screening of 153,913 newborns","volume":"53","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-022-02479-0","article-title":"Comprehensive interpretation of single-nucleotide substitutions in GJB2 reveals the genetic and phenotypic landscape of GJB2-related hearing loss","volume":"142","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2022.2065027","article-title":"Etiology of hearing loss affects auditory skill development and vocabulary development in pediatric cochlear implantation cases","volume":"142","author":"Nishio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2014.894253","article-title":"Is deafness etiology important for prediction of functional outcomes in pediatric cochlear implantation?","volume":"134","author":"Varga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecl\u00e8re, J.C., and Dulon, D. (2023). Otoferlin as a multirole Ca(2+) signaling protein: From inner ear synapses to cancer pathways. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1197611"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, D., and Liu, X. (2020). Cochlear Implantation Outcomes in Patients with OTOF Mutations. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00447"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000744","article-title":"The Effects of GJB2 or SLC26A4 Gene Mutations on Neural Response of the Electrically Stimulated Auditory Nerve in Children","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000437","article-title":"Outcome of Cochlear Implantation in Prelingually Deafened Children According to Molecular Genetic Etiology","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414566121","article-title":"Pediatric cochlear implantation in residual hearing candidates","volume":"124","author":"Gratacap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.08.019","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in deafness-dystonia-optic neuronopathy (DDON) syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Brookes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, M.H., Cho, H.J., Lee, H.K., Kwon, T.J., Lee, W.S., Oh, S., Bok, J., Choi, J.Y., and Kim, U.K. (2011). CHD7 mutational analysis and clinical considerations for auditory rehabilitation in deaf patients with CHARGE syndrome. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024511"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1073","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001073","article-title":"Identifying Children with Poor Cochlear Implantation Outcomes Using Massively Parallel Sequencing","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2025.2577829","article-title":"Correlation between cochlear nerve size and cochlear implant rehabilitation in sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"145","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2024.111875","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and electrophysiological measures of children with inner ear malformations and cochlear implants","volume":"178","author":"Sokolov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001309","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation in Children with Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct: A Systematic Review of Surgical Implications and Outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29742","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation in Pediatric Patients with Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct: A Systematic Review","volume":"132","author":"Benchetrit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23312165221128435","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165221128435","article-title":"Establishment of Reference Values for Early Auditory Preverbal Skills of Children with Cochlear Implants","volume":"26","author":"Yidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05475-9","article-title":"Outcomes of cochlear implantation in children with inner ear malformations","volume":"276","author":"Demir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.10.013","article-title":"Speech development in young children with Mondini dysplasia who had undergone cochlear implantation","volume":"116","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215121000372","article-title":"Cochlear implantation in children with Mondini dysplasia: Our experience","volume":"135","author":"Suri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003911","article-title":"Anatomical Features of Children with Mondini Dysplasia: Influence on Cochlear Implantation Performance","volume":"44","author":"Joo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2023.108919","article-title":"NADH improves AIF dimerization and inhibits apoptosis in iPSCs-derived neurons from patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder","volume":"441","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, H.M., Hazazi, M., Almutairi, A.B., Almutairi, A.N., Almutairi, A.F., Alshahrani, A.S., Alotaibi, S.K., AlShiha, W.S., and Almashharawi, I. (2025). Comparison of Cochlear Implant Efficacy in Pre- Versus Postsynaptic Auditory Neuropathy: A Systematic Review. Ear Nose Throat J., 1455613251315649.","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613251315649"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001122","article-title":"Multiple Cases of Auditory Neuropathy Illuminate the Importance of Subcortical Neural Synchrony for Speech-in-noise Recognition and the Frequency-following Response","volume":"43","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P.H., Wu, H.P., Wu, C.M., Chiang, Y.T., Hsu, J.S., Tsai, C.Y., Wang, H., Tseng, L.H., Chen, P.Y., and Yang, T.H. (2022). Cochlear Implantation Outcomes in Patients with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder of Genetic and Non-Genetic Etiologies: A Multicenter Study. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071523"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2024.2382579","article-title":"Factors impacting outcomes of cochlear implantation in children at two University centres in China: Multi-year analysis from the Paediatric Implanted Recipient Observational Study (P-IROS)","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00683","article-title":"Reorganization of auditory cortex in early-deaf people: Functional connectivity and relationship to hearing aid use","volume":"27","author":"Shiell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-37-33","article-title":"An overview of motor skill performance and balance in hearing impaired children","volume":"37","author":"Rajendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17126","article-title":"Preimplant Hearing Aid Fittings and Aided Audibility for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients","volume":"30","author":"Nickerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bhae145","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae145","article-title":"Early-stage use of hearing aids preserves auditory cortical structure in children with sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.451","article-title":"Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation","volume":"303","author":"Niparko","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1179\/146701010X12677899497317","article-title":"Factors predicting functional outcomes of cochlear implants in children","volume":"12","author":"Hyde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000526695","article-title":"Performance of Sequentially Bilateral Cochlear Implanted Children Who Speak Mandarin","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Neuro-Otol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000004673","article-title":"Asymmetric Insertion Depth May Hinder Academic Aptitude in Prelingual Cochlear Implant Children","volume":"47","author":"Zavdy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2224-7941","article-title":"Working Memory, Attention Skills, and Language Proficiency in Children with Unilateral and Bilateral Cochlear Implants","volume":"35","author":"Dikderi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/14670100.2020.1871267","article-title":"The impact of unilateral, simultaneous, or sequential cochlear implantation on pediatric language outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Eskridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochlear Implant. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-021-02458-3","article-title":"Comparison of Outcomes in Unilateral and Bilateral Pediatric Cochlear Implants: Our Experience","volume":"74","author":"Anand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08285-2","article-title":"Relationships between bilateral auditory brainstem activity and inter-implant interval in children with cochlear implants","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002177","article-title":"Pediatric Bilateral Cochlear Implantation: Simultaneous Versus Sequential Surgery","volume":"40","author":"Uecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.10.010","article-title":"The Optimal inter-implant interval in pediatric sequential bilateral implantation","volume":"372","author":"Illg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-09030-z","article-title":"Timing of bilateral sequential cochlear implantation for children: Determination of its benefit","volume":"282","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2018.07.008","article-title":"Sequential bilateral cochlear implant: Results in children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alothman, N., Almuhawas, F., Badghaish, R., Alotaibi, A.H., Alhabib, S.F., Alzhrani, F., and Hagr, A. (2023). Cochlear Implantation in Pediatrics: The Effect of Cochlear Coverage. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030562"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914716","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9914716","article-title":"Effect of Electrode Insertion Angle on Cochlear Implantation Outcomes in Adult and Children Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss","volume":"2022","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e045","DOI":"10.1097\/ONO.0000000000000045","article-title":"Effect of Cochlear Implant Electrode Insertion Depth on Speech Perception Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Breitsprecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol. Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/981\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:40:59Z","timestamp":1769506859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15030981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15030981","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}