{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T02:57:01Z","timestamp":1770173821232,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Assessment of disease-specific knowledge levels among children with coeliac disease (CD) is essential to support self-management of their condition. A suitable knowledge assessment tool has not yet been identified that is appropriate for children. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a tool for this purpose. Materials and Methods: Using content synthesis of available literature, a CD knowledge assessment tool (CD-Know) was developed to include items shown to be relevant to the management of CD for children. CD-Know went through development stages of expert review, two rounds of pilot\/validation testing, and item response analysis. CD-Know scores were compared between participant groups using a univariate linear model. Results: CD-Know was developed using content synthesis and review by international CD experts. CD-Know was initially piloted among adults\/children with CD (n = 12) and underwent the first validation study (n = 330 participants) among adults\/children with CD, cohabitants, healthcare professionals (HCPs), and groups without CD. Based on item response analysis the tool was modified. The phases of the pilot (n = 7) and validation studies were repeated among refined groups (n = 230). The final 15-item CD-Know demonstrated an appropriate hierarchy of knowledge between testing groups. Children with CD scored lower than cohabitants of someone with CD (mean difference (MD) \u22123.0, SD 0.4, p &lt; 0.001) and HCPs (MD \u22121.7, p = 0.009), at a similar level to adults without CD (MD 0.6, p = 0.88), and higher than children without CD (MD 5.8, p &lt; 0.001). The CD-Know score of children with CD was positively associated with their adherence level to a gluten-free diet (R 0.30, p = 0.017). Test\u2013retest reliability had a good intraclass correlation coefficient (R 0.73, p = 0.003). Internal consistency was good (Cronbach\u2019s alpha 0.71). Conclusions: CD-Know is a validated tool to assess disease-related knowledge in children diagnosed with CD. Its potential applications include identifying areas for knowledge enhancement within the population and assessment of CD interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15030997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess Disease-Related Knowledge in Children with Coeliac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3530-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago Christchurch, 4 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Christchurch Hospital, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4608-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Kenrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Rural Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, Rm 124, 55 Hannover Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0996-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten J.","family":"Coppell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, P.O. Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago Christchurch, 4 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9402-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angharad","family":"Vernon-Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago Christchurch, 4 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113994","article-title":"Clinical practice: Celiac disease","volume":"367","author":"Fasano","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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