{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:22:15Z","timestamp":1792081335531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is associated with a distinct neonatal metabolic profile, attributable to chronic intrauterine nutritional deprivation and suboptimal placental nutrient exchange. Upon delivery, IUGR neonates typically present with depleted nutrient stores, dysregulated endocrine activity, and a spectrum of micronutrient deficiencies, factors that collectively compromise metabolic homeostasis and significantly influence subsequent health trajectories. Methods: This narrative review systematically synthesizes the current body of evidence from clinical, biochemical, and translational investigations pertaining to the micronutrient status and pivotal endocrine markers in neonates affected by intrauterine growth restriction. The collected findings were integrated to elucidate metabolic adaptation mechanisms, immediate clinical ramifications, and the potential pathways linking neonatal biochemical patterns to long-term metabolic programming. Results: IUGR neonates consistently exhibit reduced cord-blood concentrations of essential micronutrients, including vitamin D, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), folate (vitamin B9), and cobalamin (vitamin B12), reflecting compromised placental nutrient transfer and limited fetal reserves. Concomitantly, endocrine alterations\u2014most notably reduced insulin (INS) and C-peptide (C-pep) levels\u2014indicate suppressed pancreatic \u03b2-cell activity and a prevailing hypoanabolic adaptive state. In parallel, disturbances in mineral metabolism, characterized by lower calcium (Ca) concentrations and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, suggest impaired bone mineralization during the critical phase of early postnatal adaptation. Collectively, these biochemical patterns increase vulnerability to early clinical complications such as neonatal hypoglycemia and bone demineralization, disrupt early growth trajectories, and are associated with an elevated long-term risk of insulin resistance and adverse cardiometabolic programming. Conclusions: IUGR neonates consistently demonstrate a synergistic interplay of micronutrient deficiencies and adaptive endocrine responses, profoundly impacting immediate postnatal metabolic stability and predisposing them to long-term health challenges. Therefore, early biochemical screening, followed by tailored nutritional and hormonal interventions, may assist restore metabolic balance, promote growth and decrease long term risk for metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1769612686000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Umbilical Cord Biomarkers of Nutritional and Metabolic Status in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ioana Hermina","family":"Toth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Arad, 310037 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela Marina","family":"Pantea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twelfth Department, Neonatology Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Enatescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twelfth Department, Neonatology Clinic, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica Teodora","family":"Filimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Arad, 310037 Arad, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, \u201cVasile Goldi\u0219\u201d Western University of Arad, 310048 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia Yasmina","family":"Kali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Pediatric Clinic, \u201cLouis Turcanu\u201d Emergency Children Hospital, 300011 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Belei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Pediatric Clinic, Disturbances of Growth and Development on Children Research Center, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199809000-00018","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Retardation: Evidence for the Activation of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-Related Growth-Promoting Machinery and the Presence of a Cation-Independent IGF Binding Protein-3 Proteolytic Activity by Two Months of Life","volume":"44","author":"Cianfarani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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