{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:07:13Z","timestamp":1769969233299,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Dual Disorders Foundation [Fundaci\u00f3n Patolog\u00eda Dual]"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PID2020-117767GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-117767GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RD24\/0003\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0003\/0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PND2024-I092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PND2024-I092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The treatment of dual disorders (DDs) must be comprehensive and multidisciplinary. Evidence supports the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating DDs. The second part of this consensus synthesizes the available evidence on psychological treatment for specific DDs. Methods: Two consensus methods were sequentially implemented: the nominal group technique and the Delphi method. Results: This consensus review encompassed a compilation of recommendations for the psychological treatment of neurodevelopmental, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, somatic symptom, eating, and personality disorders. Finally, recommendations for the future research agenda on the psychological treatment of DD were included. Conclusions: (1) Psychological treatment, particularly integrated treatment, is effective. (2) In the case of dual autism, interventions for substance use disorders should be adapted to this population\u2019s characteristics. (3) More research is needed on dual social anxiety, panic, generalized anxiety, somatic symptom, and eating disorders, for which Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most commonly used treatment. (4) For dual attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, multicomponent treatment is recommended (psychoeducation, CBT, and peer or family support). (5) For dual anxiety disorders, CBT is the first-line treatment. (6) For dual post-traumatic stress disorder, CBT (cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy), acceptance and commitment therapy, stress inoculation training, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are effective. (7) For dual personality disorders, evidence is scarce. (8) For borderline personality disorder, dialectical behavior therapy, dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy, and dual-focus schema therapy show promise. (9) For antisocial personality disorder, CBT, contingency management, and counseling on impulsive lifestyles may be useful. (10) Much more evidence is needed from studies that overcome the methodological limitations of existing ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T11:09:22Z","timestamp":1769771362000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WADD-SEPD Consensus on Psychological Treatment of Dual Disorders II: Neurodevelopmental, Anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress, Somatic Symptom, Eating, and Personality Disorders and Recommendations for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Benito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"TXP Research Group, Medicine Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 12006 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Torrente Mental Health Unit, General University Hospital of Valencia, 46900 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, ISCIII, 28029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Tirado-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Adan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD), 28232 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Society of Dual Disorders (SEPD), 28012 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02212-5","article-title":"Addictive and other mental disorders: A call for a standardized definition of dual disorders","volume":"12","author":"Szerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. 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