{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:53:16Z","timestamp":1791373996388,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premenstrual syndrome is a common hormone-related condition marked by recurrent physical and affective symptoms that can substantially impair daily functioning. While cyclical ovarian hormone fluctuations are physiological, clinically relevant symptoms occur only in a subset of women, indicating the contribution of individual vulnerability and modifiable environmental factors. In this context, growing attention has been directed toward the role of nutrition. This narrative review synthesizes and critically discusses current evidence on the relationship between dietary factors and premenstrual syndrome, with emphasis on both primary prevention and symptom modulation. Available observational and interventional data suggest that dietary patterns characterized by high intake of ultra-processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and saturated fats are more frequently associated with increased symptom severity, whereas healthier dietary patterns may be linked to a lower symptom burden. Certain micronutrients\u2014including calcium, vitamin D, zinc, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids\u2014have demonstrated potential benefits, although findings remain heterogeneous and methodologically limited. Overall, nutrition emerges as a plausible complementary strategy in premenstrual syndrome management; however, well-designed prospective studies are needed to support robust, evidence-based dietary recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Premenstrual Syndrome and Nutritional Factors: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Giuseppe","family":"Martire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0325-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ianes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4688-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"d\u2019Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3170-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Bonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecological Clinic, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Piccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Residency Program of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Catholic University \u201cOur Lady of Good Counsel\u201d, 1000 Tirane, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8730-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Andreoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of System Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60527-9","article-title":"Premenstrual syndrome","volume":"371","author":"Yonkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004925","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community","volume":"32","author":"Wittchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. 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