{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:44:33Z","timestamp":1790786673489,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Postpartum depression and anxiety are common in the perinatal period and can adversely affect maternal functioning and infant outcomes. Self-esteem is a relevant psychosocial factor, yet evidence from Eastern Europe remains limited. Objectives: To describe self-esteem levels among postpartum Romanian women, examine correlational associations between self-esteem and postpartum depression\/anxiety symptoms, and assess whether these associations persist after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical covariates, across two maternity centers in a cross-sectional design. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 201 postpartum women recruited consecutively during their initial postpartum hospitalization from two public maternity hospitals in Western Romania (Bihor, n = 100; Timi\u0219, n = 101) during 2024\u20132025. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Associations were assessed with \u03c72 tests (categorical comparisons), Pearson correlations, and multivariable linear regression models including center and selected sociodemographic\/obstetric covariates. Results: Self-esteem showed a strong inverse correlation with postpartum depressive symptoms (RSES\u2013EPDS: r = \u22120.542 overall; r = \u22120.537 in Bihor; r = \u22120.552 in Timi\u0219; all p &lt; 0.001). Negative correlations were also observed with anxiety (RSES\u2013GAD-7: r = \u22120.400; p &lt; 0.001) and PHQ-9 depressive severity (r = \u22120.370; p &lt; 0.001). Stratified analyses indicated graded symptom burden across self-esteem categories, with higher EPDS risk proportions among women with moderate\/low self-esteem within each center (\u03c72p \u2264 0.039). In adjusted models, EPDS (B = \u22120.37; p &lt; 0.001) and GAD-7 (B = \u22120.15; p = 0.021) remained independently associated with lower RSES, alongside study center (Timi\u0219 vs. Bihor: B = \u22121.08; p = 0.043) and educational attainment. Conclusions: Lower self-esteem co-occurs with postpartum depressive symptoms and, secondarily, anxiety in Romanian women. While the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, these robust correlational associations support the potential value of self-esteem assessment for early psychosocial risk identification. Longitudinal research is needed to establish temporal relationships and evaluate whether self-esteem can prospectively predict postpartum mental health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"1135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations Between Self-Esteem and Postpartum Depression and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Rosenberg Scale in Romanian Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7597-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadica","family":"Motofelea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Practical Skills, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costin","family":"Berceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-9043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florica","family":"Voita-Mekeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea University, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4165-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Galis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea University, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin Adrian","family":"Szasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oradea University, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Catalin","family":"Motofelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Hoinoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Practical Skills, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Research in Cardiovascular Pathology and Hemostaseology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ion","family":"Papava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavius","family":"Olaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Viorel","family":"Soava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Vilibi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ionela-Florica","family":"Tamasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XI: Pediatrics, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6528-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Blidisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department IX, General Surgery, Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Carabineanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department IX Surgery I, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 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