{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:34:57Z","timestamp":1790858097272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney transplantation is considered the gold standard treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Historically, outcomes in kidney transplantation have been focused on reducing rates of rejection as the dominant cause of graft loss. However, managing the risk of rejection with infection continues to be a delicate balancing act for transplant physicians. It has long been recognised that viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients with significant implications for kidney graft function and patient outcomes worldwide. This is a review article with literature selected from the PubMed database using relevant terms related to kidney transplantation and infectious diseases. This article focuses on the key viruses affecting kidney transplant recipients, including cytomegalovirus, polyoma virus, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, varicella zoster virus, adenovirus, hepatitis B and C, and new emerging viruses. It examines differing epidemiology, diagnostic challenges, screening methods, and antiviral treatments. Key challenges for the international nephrology community include increased global mobility resulting in rapid shifts in viral epidemiology, increasing antimicrobial resistance, virus-associated malignancies, and suboptimal assays for screening donors and transplant recipients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:12:46Z","timestamp":1770041566000},"page":"1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Viral Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Current Practice and Updates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4447-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayinsola Kehinde","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donnchadh","family":"Reidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dearbhail","family":"Ni Cathain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Kant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent\u2019s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2021-0209","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Tuama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.04.010","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus and Kidney Transplantation: A Clinician\u2019s Update","volume":"58","author":"Peeters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0066-x","article-title":"The history of cytomegalovirus and its diseases","volume":"197","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199702000-00004","article-title":"History of the Cytomegalovirus","volume":"90","author":"Riley","year":"1997","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491658","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2491658","article-title":"Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection after kidney transplantation in the modern era of immunosuppression: The VINTAGE study","volume":"47","author":"Hidaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2024.0016","article-title":"Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Guidelines by the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society for Transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Huh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80190-4","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in Kidney Transplant Patients: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis","volume":"287","author":"Ignacak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralblatt Bakteriol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishikawa, S., Tasaki, M., Saito, K., Nakagawa, Y., Ikeda, M., Takahashi, K., and Tomita, Y. (2023). Long-term CMV monitoring and chronic rejection in renal transplant recipients. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1190794"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2174\/187152611797636703","article-title":"Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infections","volume":"11","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.07.051","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"37","author":"Labibi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005374","article-title":"The Fourth International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Cytomegalovirus in Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"109","author":"Kotton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"89","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Transplant Recipients: Sumary of a Workshop on Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Allen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., and Robertson, E.S. (2023). Epstein\u2013Barr Virus History and Pathogenesis. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030714"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.92","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus: More than 50 years old and still providing surprises","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-00165","article-title":"The Association of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Donor and Recipient Serostatus with Outcomes After Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"178","author":"Potluri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2022.0200","article-title":"Immunity and Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, J.d.M., Alves, C.E.d.C., and Pontes, G.S. (2024). Epstein-Barr virus: The mastermind of immune chaos. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1297994"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piad097","article-title":"A Focused Review of Epstein-Barr Virus Infections and PTLD in Pediatric Transplant Recipients: Guidance from the IPTA and ECIL Guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Yamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1579","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001579","article-title":"Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus Chronic High Viral Load in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"10","author":"Rampersad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02183.x","article-title":"EBV PCR in the diagnosis and monitoring of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: Results of a two-arm prospective trial","volume":"8","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04206.x","article-title":"Low-dose chemotherapy and rituximab for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): A Children\u2019s Oncology Group report","volume":"12","author":"Gross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EBPG Expert Group on Renal Transplantation (2002). European best practice guidelines for renal transplantation. Section IV: Long-term management of the transplant recipient. IV.6.1. Cancer risk after renal transplantation. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): Prevention and treatment. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 17.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.suppl_4.31-b"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620711412417","article-title":"Therapeutic options in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"2","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5603\/ahp.101636","article-title":"Tabelecleucel: A new therapeutic option in refractory EBV-PTLD","volume":"55","author":"Sadlok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Haematol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kant, S., Dasgupta, A., Bagnasco, S., and Brennan, D.C. (2022). BK Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: A State-of-the-Art Review. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081616"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00920207","article-title":"BK virus nephropathy and kidney transplantation","volume":"2","author":"Bohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Kong, C., Hu, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Qiu, T., and Zhou, J. (2023). Risk factors for BK virus infection in DCD donor kidney transplant recipients. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1181743"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brochot, E., Demey, B., Aubry, A., Descamps, V., Morel, V., Presne, C., Brazier, F., and Helle, F. (2024). Epidemiology and Dynamics of BK Polyomavirus Replication after Kidney Transplantation. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040315"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v13.i6.309","article-title":"BK viral infection: A review of management and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Gorriceta","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2013). IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Introduction to Polyomaviruses. Malaria and Some Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK, JC, and Merkel Cell Viruses), International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0010-2015","article-title":"Polyomaviruses","volume":"4","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e622","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001061","article-title":"Donor-derived Cell-free DNA and the Prediction of BK Virus-associated Nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Kant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.25259\/ijn_87_23","article-title":"The Prevalence and Outcomes of BK Polyoma Virus Nephropathy in Living Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"35","author":"Rana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002414","article-title":"Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for BK Polyomavirus Replication and Nephropathy in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients: An International CERTAIN Registry Study","volume":"103","author":"Schneble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.09.194","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction detection of BK virus and monitoring of BK nephropathy in renal transplant recipients at the University Hospital La Fe","volume":"37","author":"Rubio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.15171\/jnp.2016.06","article-title":"Evaluation of leflunomide for the treatment of BK viremia and biopsy proven BK nephropathy; a single center experience","volume":"5","author":"Nesselhauf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nephropathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01089-24","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01089-24","article-title":"Development of a droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of BK polyomavirus","volume":"12","author":"Ai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.5858\/134.3.444","article-title":"Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of BK virus using labeled primers","volume":"134","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2009.01183.x","article-title":"Leflunomide therapy for BK virus allograft nephropathy in pediatric and young adult kidney transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Araya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kho, M.M.L., Roest, S., Bov\u00e9e, D.M., Metselaar, H.J., Hoek, R.A.S., van der Eijk, A.A., Manintveld, O.C., Roodnat, J.I., and van Besouw, N.M. (2021). Herpes Zoster in Solid Organ Transplantation: Incidence and Risk Factors. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.645718"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00289.x","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus-associated disease in adult kidney transplant recipients: Incidence and risk-factor analysis","volume":"10","author":"Arness","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.mesot2014.P113","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of herpes zoster infection in renal transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Akdur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000508807","article-title":"Herpes Zoster in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Series of Three Cases","volume":"10","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Nephrol. Dial."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7820","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7820","article-title":"A case of varicella zoster infection in kidney transplant recipient using immunosuppressant","volume":"11","author":"Adam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i30.9168","article-title":"Fatal visceral disseminated varicella-zoster virus infection in a renal transplant recipient: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"60","article-title":"History of Varicella Zoster Virus","volume":"7","author":"Wood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"25","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus: Natural history and current therapies of varicella and herpes zoster","volume":"14","author":"Breuer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlopoulou, I.D., Poulopoulou, S., Melexopoulou, C., Papazaharia, I., Zavos, G., and Boletis, I.N. (2015). Incidence and risk factors of herpes zoster among adult renal transplant recipients receiving universal antiviral prophylaxis. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1038-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00052-13","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Current Approaches to Control of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections","volume":"26","author":"Gershon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.90","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus latency","volume":"6","author":"Eshleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs036","article-title":"Chickenpox infection after renal transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Kaul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigan\u00f2, M., Beretta, M., Lepore, M., Abete, R., Benatti, S.V., Grassini, M.V., Camagni, S., Chiodini, G., Vargiu, S., and Vittori, C. (2023). Vaccination Recommendations in Solid Organ Transplant Adult Candidates and Recipients. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1805.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, October 08). Shingrix Vaccine for Kidney Transplant Recipients. Recruiting Participants for Phase Phase 3 Clinical Trial 2025. Power. Available online: https:\/\/www.withpower.com\/trial\/shingrix-vaccine-for-kidney-transplant-recipients-e84dc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e351","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000784","article-title":"Herpes Zoster in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Detection of VZV DNA in Blood During the Prodromal Phase","volume":"4","author":"Devin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-021-00576-z","article-title":"Pneumonia and central nervous system infection caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in a living-donor kidney transplantation patient: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"101","article-title":"Low-Dose Acyclovir Prophylaxis for Varicella zoster Reactivation in Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients","volume":"1","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Hematol. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12003","article-title":"Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) in Solid Organ Transplant Patients","volume":"13","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.12.620","article-title":"Herpes Zoster in Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients in the Era of Acyclovir or Valacyclovir Prophylaxis and Novel Treatment and Maintenance Therapies","volume":"23","author":"Sahoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584923","article-title":"Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.003087-0","article-title":"Adenoviruses: Update on structure and function","volume":"90","author":"Russell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01836-1","article-title":"Immunological pathogenesis and treatment progress of adenovirus pneumonia in children","volume":"51","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13849","article-title":"Adenoviruses\u2014Infection, pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"594","author":"Greber","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00116-13","article-title":"Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients","volume":"27","author":"Lion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03479.x","article-title":"Adenovirus disease after kidney transplantation: Course of infection and outcome in relation to blood viral load and immune recovery","volume":"11","author":"Watcharananan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1086\/380450","article-title":"Real-time blood plasma polymerase chain reaction for management of disseminated adenovirus infection","volume":"38","author":"Minard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13527","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13527","article-title":"Adenovirus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Florescu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.11.001","article-title":"AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: Adenovirus Infection","volume":"71","author":"Lusco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2097","article-title":"Adenovirus induced nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"21","author":"Yagisawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/505498","article-title":"Adenovirus infections in transplant recipients","volume":"43","author":"Ison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.08.004","article-title":"Disseminated Adenovirus Nephritis After Kidney Transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Hatlen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e3283324e1b","article-title":"Adenovirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"14","author":"Hoffman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00397.x","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections within one year after pediatric lung transplant","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003988","article-title":"Adenovirus Infection and Transplantation","volume":"106","author":"Cathro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000233542.48267.fd","article-title":"Adenoviral infections in pediatric transplant recipients: A hospital-based study","volume":"25","author":"Tellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105034","article-title":"Emerging antiviral therapeutics for human adenovirus infection: Recent developments and novel strategies","volume":"188","author":"Dodge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.04.007","article-title":"Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections","volume":"71","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1086\/420817","article-title":"Effect of ribavirin on the plasma viral DNA load in patients with disseminating adenovirus infection","volume":"38","author":"Lankester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(200001)29:1<64::AID-PPUL11>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Intravenous ribavirin therapy for adenovirus pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Shetty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1165-x","article-title":"Treatment of adenovirus infections in the immunocompromised host","volume":"23","author":"Ljungman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-179901","article-title":"Preliminary Results of a Phase 2a Clinical Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Antiviral Activity of Intravenous Brincidofovir (BCV IV) in Immunocompromised Patients with Adenovirus Infection","volume":"142","author":"Grimley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2014_03_199","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19: A review","volume":"58","author":"Rogo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.5.1005","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19: Historical and clinical review","volume":"10","author":"Thurn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12111","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 in solid organ transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Eid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200205270-00019","article-title":"A role for chronic parvovirus B19 infection in liver dysfunction in renal transplant recipients?","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20251","article-title":"Recurrent high level parvovirus B19\/genotype 2 viremia in a renal transplant recipient analyzed by real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of genotypes 1 to 3","volume":"75","author":"Liefeldt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01060307","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 and the kidney","volume":"2","author":"Waldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1086\/504812","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection after transplantation: A review of 98 cases","volume":"43","author":"Eid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009661","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection in five European countries: Seroepidemiology, force of infection and maternal risk of infection","volume":"136","author":"Mossong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.2.257","article-title":"Experimental parvoviral infection in humans","volume":"152","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6927","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02713-06","article-title":"Biological and immunological relations among human parvovirus B19 genotypes 1 to 3","volume":"81","author":"Ekman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2218","article-title":"Diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of parvovirus B19 infections by real-time PCR in the clinical laboratory","volume":"67","author":"Manaresi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21947","article-title":"Identification and characterization of acute infection with parvovirus B19 genotype 2 in immunocompromised patients in Poland","volume":"83","author":"Grabarczyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000384","article-title":"Quantitative evidence for persistence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in an immunocompetent individual","volume":"19","author":"Cassinotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.5.1363-1365.1995","article-title":"Evaluation of five commercial tests for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to human parvovirus B19","volume":"33","author":"Bruu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02244.x","article-title":"Postrenal transplant hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and thrombotic microangiopathy associated with parvovirus b19 infection","volume":"8","author":"Ardalan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2002.20505.x","article-title":"Treatment of parvovirus B-19 (PV B-19) infection allows for successful kidney transplantation without disease recurrence","volume":"2","author":"Barsoum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200005270-00043","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 in kidney transplant patients","volume":"69","author":"Zolnourian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"265","article-title":"Treatment Strategies and Outcome of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Literature Review of 128 Patients","volume":"71","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13535","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13535","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice","volume":"33","author":"Eid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890040402","article-title":"An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home","volume":"4","author":"Chiba","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)91309-X","article-title":"Caliciviruses in Man","volume":"307","author":"Madeley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac165","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Sapovirus in the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infection and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Study: Evidence of Protection Following Natural Infection","volume":"75","author":"Rouhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez Valcarce, M., Kambhampati, A.K., Calderwood, L.E., Hall, A.J., Mirza, S.A., and Vinj\u00e9, J. (2021). Global distribution of sporadic sapovirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255436"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02242-9","article-title":"Sapovirus: An emerging pathogen in kidney transplant recipients?","volume":"52","author":"Rippl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821c9392","article-title":"Impact of norovirus\/sapovirus-related diarrhea in renal transplant recipients hospitalized for diarrhea","volume":"92","author":"Lanternier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"207","article-title":"The Reasons of Renal Transplant Recipients\u2019 Admission to the Emergency Department; a Case Series Study","volume":"4","author":"Uysal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emergancy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.25259\/ijn_507_23","article-title":"Sapovirus-Associated Diarrhea in Renal Transplant Patient Treated Without Altering Immunosuppression","volume":"35","author":"Andrews","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"6846873","article-title":"Successfully Treated Norovirus- and Sapovirus-Associated Diarrhea in Three Renal Transplant Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Ghusson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00776","article-title":"Recurring Norovirus & Sapovirus Infection in a Renal Transplant Patient","volume":"20","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2025, August 13). Mpox (Monkeypox)\u2014Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2023-DON493."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101030","article-title":"Mpox unveiled: Global epidemiology, treatment advances, and prevention strategies","volume":"20","author":"Bogacka","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.07.016","article-title":"Clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of mpox in solid organ transplant recipients: A multicenter case series and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Higgins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02392-0","article-title":"The impact of immunosuppression on the mortality and hospitalization of Monkeypox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the 2022 outbreak","volume":"21","author":"Azzam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"124","article-title":"Severe monkeypox infection in a kidney transplant patient","volume":"43","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nefrol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.06.001","article-title":"Severe Presentation of Mpox with Skin, Lung and Pleural Involvement in a Non\u2013HIV-Infected Kidney Transplant Recipient","volume":"84","author":"Caso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2023.02.031","article-title":"Disseminated Monkeypox Infection in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report","volume":"55","author":"Attieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.07.017","article-title":"First case of rapidly fatal mpox from secondary (household) transmission in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"23","author":"Fuller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfaf048","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf048","article-title":"Monkeypox infection in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"18","author":"Suliman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01675-2","article-title":"Mpox (formerly monkeypox): Pathogenesis, prevention and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2025, December 04). Summary of Current Evidence and Information\u2014Mpox in Donor Screening and Transplantation, Available online: https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/hrsa\/optn\/mpox-summary-of-evidence.pdf."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00806-4","article-title":"Clinical features and management of individuals admitted to hospital with monkeypox and associated complications across the UK: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Fink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004337","article-title":"Monkeypox in Transplant Recipients: No Breaks Between Outbreaks","volume":"106","author":"Kotton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac622","article-title":"Antivirals with Activity Against Mpox: A Clinically Oriented Review","volume":"76","author":"Siegrist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.01.028","article-title":"Use of tecovirimat for the treatment of mpox infection in a kidney transplant recipient","volume":"23","author":"Caillard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000528041","article-title":"Monkeypox-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Foreseeable Impacts on Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Services","volume":"52","author":"Reis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107015","article-title":"The successful treatment of mpox with brincidofovir in renal transplant recipients\u2014A report of 2 cases","volume":"143","author":"Alameer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"(2025, October 07). CDC Monkeypox Vaccine Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccine-safety\/vaccines\/mpox.html."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/ijot.ijot_113_24","article-title":"Monkey Pox\u2014What a Transplant Physician Should Know","volume":"19","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2029328","article-title":"Review of human pegivirus: Prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical implication","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v12.i1.1","article-title":"Human pegivirus infection after transplant: Is there an impact?","volume":"12","author":"Mrzljak","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25764","article-title":"Human pegivirus-1 infection in kidney transplant recipients: A single-center experience","volume":"92","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13771","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13771","article-title":"Human pegivirus type 1 infection in kidney transplant recipients: Replication kinetics and clinical correlates","volume":"24","author":"Forque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1086\/514245","article-title":"Association of antibody to GB virus C (hepatitis G virus) with viral clearance and protection from reinfection","volume":"177","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260635","article-title":"Humoral immune response to the E2 protein of hepatitis G virus is associated with long-term recovery from infection and reveals a high frequency of hepatitis G virus exposure among healthy blood donors","volume":"26","author":"Tacke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2501512","article-title":"Pegivirus-Associated Encephalomyelitis in Immunosuppressed Patients","volume":"392","author":"Scheibe","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400517121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2400517121","article-title":"Harald zur Hausen (1936 to 2023): Discoverer of human papillomavirus infection as the main cause of cervical cancer","volume":"121","author":"Lowy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000193","article-title":"The Estimated Lifetime Probability of Acquiring Human Papillomavirus in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Chesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13590","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13590","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12671","article-title":"Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.05.016","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e838","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00240-8","article-title":"Implementation efforts to support transition to HPV-based cervical cancer screening","volume":"9","author":"Almonte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nailescu, C., and Shew, M.L. (2022). Human papillomavirus infection-related cancer risk for kidney transplant recipients during adult life can be reduced by vaccination during childhood and adolescence. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1057454"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000120181.89206.54","article-title":"Pro- and anti-cancer effects of immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation","volume":"77","author":"Guba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2016.05.010","article-title":"mTOR, metabolism, and the immune response in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell cancer","volume":"2","author":"Coppock","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mironova, M., and Ghany, M.G. (2024). Hepatitis B Vaccine: Four Decades on. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040439"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i25.1054","article-title":"Hepatitis B in renal transplant patients","volume":"9","author":"Marinaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i8.853","article-title":"Kidney transplant from donors with hepatitis B: A challenging treatment option","volume":"13","author":"Srisuwarn","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sausen, D.G., Shechter, O., Bietsch, W., Shi, Z., Miller, S.M., Gallo, E.S., Dahari, H., and Borenstein, R. (2022). Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses: A Comprehensive Update with an Immunological Focus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415973"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6904a1","article-title":"Assessing Solid Organ Donors and Monitoring Transplant Recipients for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infection\u2014U.S. Public Health Service Guideline, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.05.005","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated with Belatacept","volume":"8","author":"Schwarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91331-y","article-title":"Outcome after kidney transplantation in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients","volume":"11","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paschereit, A., Greese, V., Sakurayama, K., Duerr, M., Halleck, F., Liefeldt, L., Choi, M., Budde, K., and Naik, M.G. (2025). Impact of Hepatitis B Infection on Patient and Graft Survival After Kidney Transplantation. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062124"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamimura, H., Setsu, T., Kimura, N., Yokoo, T., Sakamaki, A., Kamimura, K., Tsuchiya, A., Takamura, M., Yamagiwa, S., and Terai, S. (2018). Renal Impairment in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Review. Diseases, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6020052"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13514","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13514","article-title":"Viral hepatitis: Guidelines by the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Disease Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Te","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa178","article-title":"Kidney Transplantation From Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)-Positive Living Donors to HBsAg-Negative Recipients: Clinical Outcomes at a High-Volume Center in China","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541873","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2541873","article-title":"Optimizing hepatitis B vaccination in chronic kidney disease: A comprehensive scoping review of strategies across CKD stages, dialysis, and transplant populations","volume":"47","author":"Chancharoenthana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2021.100677","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and kidney transplantation: Recent trends and paradigm shifts","volume":"36","author":"Jay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-15169-4","article-title":"High risk of hepatic complications in kidney transplantation with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.07.012","article-title":"Executive Summary of the KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"102","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Hepatitis C Work Group KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline FOR the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 102, S129\u2013S205.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.07.013"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2022.04.005","article-title":"Renal transplantation using kidneys from hepatitis C-infected donors: A review of 30-years\u2019 experience","volume":"43","author":"Sawinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010030","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"27","author":"Ladino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.12.019","article-title":"Kidney Transplantation from Hepatitis C Virus\u2013Infected Donors to Uninfected Recipients: A Systematic Review for the KDIGO 2022 Hepatitis C Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"82","author":"Gordon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldin, C., Grossi, P.A., Manda, V., Kamar, N., Lortholary, O., Hirsch, H.H., Zahar, J.-R., Borderie, V.M., Parquin, F., and Epailly, E. (2025). Updates on Donor-Derived Infection in Solid Organ Transplantation, Report from the 2024 GTI (Infection and Transplantation Group) Annual Meeting. Transpl. Int., 38.","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2025.14237"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/1166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T14:38:23Z","timestamp":1770043103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/3\/1166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15031166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15031166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]}}}