{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:59:03Z","timestamp":1789095543736,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Early diagnosis and identification of causative pathogens using blood culture in patients suspected of blood stream infection (BSI) and sepsis are critical for improving patient outcomes through earlier and more targeted treatment. There is a need for tools that can guide the use of microbiologic diagnostics, especially where resources are limited, such as in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs), pandemic and mass-casualty scenarios, and prolonged field care settings during military operations. Methods: Post hoc retrospective analysis of individual patient data from three prospective clinical studies, conducted in North America, Europe and Africa, to investigate the association between SeptiCyte RAPID test results (SeptiScores) and blood culture (BC) results. Hypothesis: that a significant correlation exists between elevated SeptiScores and positive blood culture results, and between low SeptiScores and negative blood culture results. Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) was 0.91 for 85 BC(+) versus 257 SIRS and was 0.80 for 164 BC(\u2212) versus 257 SIRS. As the SeptiScore increases, the relative probability of a septic patient being BC(+) as opposed to BC(\u2212) also increases. A non-linear positive correlation is observed. Below a crossover point at SeptiScore 10, the ratio of probabilities of BC(+) sepsis\/BC(\u2212) sepsis is &lt;1, while above the crossover point, this ratio is &gt;1. Thus, septic patients with SeptiScores &gt;10 have a higher probability of being BC(+) compared to BC(\u2212). Conclusions: Elevated SeptiScores, obtained before blood culture results, are indicative of increased blood culture positivity. This may have clinical utility, particularly in resource-limited settings, as an aid for improving the efficiency of blood culture practice, for instance, by informing patient selection and interpretation of blood culture results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1770209516000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Likelihood of Blood Culture Positivity Using SeptiCyte RAPID"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Krupa A.","family":"Navalkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyse","family":"Wheelock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle V.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kibuuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Atukunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter Reed Program, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 16524, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Wailagala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-4038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Waitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Kakooza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Oduro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi P.O. Box 1934, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehkonti","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-6535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maik","family":"von der Forst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus J.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0922-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil R.","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared A.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cermelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Yager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Brandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunexpress Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0689-y","article-title":"Attributable mortality of central line associated bloodstream infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.02.004","article-title":"Risk factors and mortality for nosocomial bloodstream infections in elderly patients","volume":"22","author":"Reunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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