{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:37:28Z","timestamp":1789925848187,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human polyomavirus JC (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a deadly brain demyelinating illness stemming from oligodendrocyte lytic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially those with untreated HIV infection. Methods: We conducted a case series report on patients with HIV\/AIDS who presented progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and were hospitalized at the \u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Iasi, northeastern Romania, to emphasize the comorbidities of HIV\/AIDS cases. Hospital medical data from 10 January 2025 to 30 September 2025 served as the basis for this investigation. Results: We examined three cases that presented neurological symptoms (ataxia, aphasia, language comprehension, and expression disorders). The cases were evaluated imagistically via nuclear magnetic resonance, and we conducted a polymerase chain reaction test on the spinal fluid to confirm the presence of JCV. It was necessary to take a multidisciplinary approach with a neurologist or pneumologist. All cases were evaluated immunologically, revealing low Ly T CD4 levels and increased HIV viremia levels. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an AIDS-defining disease, manifesting in immunocompromised patients, including late presenter cases, and patients who are non-adherent to their antiretroviral treatment. Therefore, it is important to test every patient who has mild to severe neurological symptoms for HIV. Furthermore, some cases require a multidisciplinary approach to ensure a better quality of life. Conclusions: Treating a patient with HIV requires a multidisciplinary strategy that includes a neurology specialist and access to antiretroviral treatment. To boost ART uptake, we must identify and remove barriers that impact patients and the healthcare system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1770209516000},"page":"1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Patients with HIV\u2014Case Series from Northeastern Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Isabela Ioana","family":"Loghin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Gabriel","family":"Dabija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital of Emergency \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4728-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narcis Valentin","family":"T\u0103nase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Central University and Emergency Military Hospital \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0218erban Alin","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ion","family":"Cecan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Daniel","family":"Dorob\u0103\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cProf. Dr. Matei Bal\u0219\u201d, 021105 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Mihaela","family":"Dorob\u0103\u0163","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, \u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 700116 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian","family":"Eva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital of Emergency \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d, 700309 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University, 800008 Gala\u0163i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Swinkels, H.M., Nguyen, A.D., and Gulick, P.G. 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