{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T21:03:08Z","timestamp":1770411788160,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Meiji Co., Ltd."},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["22K10355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10355"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oral microbial homeostasis is crucial for overall health. Nonetheless, the relationship between probiotics and the oral environment remains unclear. This study investigated the association between continuous consumption of yogurt containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (LbR1 yogurt), salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), tongue-coating microbiota, and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) frequency. Methods: This observational study was conducted on 53 nursing home care workers, categorized into a group who consumed LbR1 yogurt daily for over 1 year (n = 40, yogurt group) and a non-intake group (n = 13, non-yogurt group). Salivary and tongue-coating samples were collected. Results: The yearly URTI frequency was lower in the yogurt group than in the non-yogurt group (p = 0.003). The salivary \u03b2-defensin-2 (HBD2) and \u03b2-defensin-3 (HBD3) flow rates were higher in the yogurt group than in the non-yogurt group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.0009, respectively). Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) ssp. animalis abundance was lower in the yogurt group than in the non-yogurt group (p = 0.04). Bayesian network analysis indicated an association between yogurt consumption and the yearly URTI frequency and salivary HBD2 and HBD3 flow rates. Conclusions: Continuous consumption of LbR1 yogurt was associated with elevated salivary HBD2 and HBD3, reduced abundance of F. nucleatum ssp. animalis, and decreased URTI frequency. Thus, LbR1 yogurt intake is associated with modulated oral immunity and microbiota, suggesting a potential link to reduced URTIs. However, as an observational pilot study, its results should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15031244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:20:14Z","timestamp":1770225614000},"page":"1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Continuous Consumption of Yogurt Fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, Salivary Antimicrobial Proteins, and Tongue-Coating Microbiota: An Observational Human Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Morozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6501-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takehiro","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Unit, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Ina 362-0806, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juri","family":"Saruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-0003, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2995-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanae","family":"Tsuchihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactic Acid Bacteria & Fermentation Technology Research Unit, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Unit, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Hosomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-0003, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wakako","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-0003, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiya","family":"Makino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Unit, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellness Science Labs, Meiji Holdings Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Hojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Research Unit, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Tokyo 192-0919, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Tsukinoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-0003, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Z., Fan, Y., Shan, G., and Chen, X. 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