{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:39:45Z","timestamp":1781879985667,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a fundamental pillar in the therapeutic pathway of patients with cardiovascular disease, contributing significantly to improving quality of life and reducing the risk of cardiovascular event recurrence. Over the past decades, this approach has progressively evolved, integrating multidisciplinary strategies based on scientific evidence. This study aimed to conduct a detailed analysis of the anthropometric, clinical, and functional characteristics of patients enrolled in the CR Unit of the San Giovanni di Dio and Ruggi D\u2019Aragona University Hospital in Salerno, with particular attention to therapeutic changes, drug titration, and cognitive assessment. Methods: Specifically, the anthropometric, clinical, laboratory, and instrumental data of 95 patients (age 66.56 \u00b1 0.99 years, 75% male) who underwent the CR program between 2023 and 2025 were analyzed. Results: Patients with various diagnoses were enrolled in the CR program: 17% heart failure, 18% cardiac surgery, 20% acute coronary syndrome, 16% chronic coronary syndrome, 29% dyspnea. The patients had numerous comorbidities and risk factors: 73% arterial hypertension, 77% dyslipidemia, 35% diabetes mellitus, 33% smoking, 13% thyroid dysfunction, 47% CAD, 18% CKD, 16% COPD. At baseline, Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) showed a moderately reduced functional capacity (VO2 peak pre-CR: 14.29 \u00b1 0.53 mL\/min\/kg; VO2% predicted pre-CR: 62.19 \u00b1 2.43%), and a significant improvement was recorded in meters at 6 min walk test (6MWT) post-CR (pre-CR: 306.02 \u00b1 9.93 m vs. post-CR: 378.88 \u00b1 13.37 m; p &lt; 0.05). Notably, 22% of patients had a Qmci score &lt; 49.4 points, indicating an MCI. Finally, the cardiovascular therapy was titrated and adapted; specifically, we recorded a significant increase in the use of SGLT2i therapy (pre-RC 22.00% vs. post-RC 34.00%; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, CR proved to be safe and effective in enrolled patients; further studies will be needed to investigate the therapeutic modifications implemented during CR programs in more detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T09:15:12Z","timestamp":1770801312000},"page":"1413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of a Real-World Population Participating in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program: Cognitive Impairment, Functional Capacity, and Therapy Titration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Virtuoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4331-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8298-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Squillante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"Fiorentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Sparano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro De","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Fucile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Mancusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Ferrigno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1658-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Rusciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7370-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. William","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, St Finbarr\u2019s Hospital, T12 XH60 Cork City, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Mercy University Hospital, T12 XH60 Cork City, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Iaccarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albino","family":"Carrizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Vecchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2379-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Ciccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital \u201cSan Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona\u201d, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Visco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000037","DOI":"10.1161\/HCQ.0000000000000037","article-title":"2018 ACC\/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. 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