{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:40:51Z","timestamp":1770903651569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Refractory macular holes (MHs) that persist after conventional internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling pose a significant surgical challenge. In this study, we analyzed the anatomical and functional outcomes of epiretinal human amniotic membrane (hAM) transplantation in patients with MHs. Methods: This retrospective study included 10 eyes of 10 patients with refractory MHs. All patients underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, epiretinal cryopreserved hAM transplantation, and C3F8 gas tamponade. The large hAM graft was placed over the macula with the stromal side facing the retina. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, and MH dimensions were recorded. Results: The mean follow-up period was 7 months (range: 3\u201314 months). The mean preoperative minimum linear diameter and base diameter of the MHs were 715 \u00b1 212 \u03bcm and 1114 \u00b1 258 \u03bcm, respectively. Anatomical closure was achieved in all patients (100%). Postoperative OCT revealed rearrangement of the inner and other retinal layers in 7 out of 10 patients (70%), with partial restoration of the outer retinal layers. The mean logMAR BCVA improved significantly from 1.60 \u00b1 0.37 preoperatively to 1.00 \u00b1 0.45 postoperatively (p &lt; 0.001). No graft dislocation, rejection, or other significant complications were observed. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that epiretinal human amniotic membrane transplantation is a feasible and promising surgical technique for achieving anatomical closure and functional improvement in refractory macular holes in which conventional ILM peeling has failed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:05:46Z","timestamp":1770897946000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgical Outcomes of Epiretinal Human Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Refractory Macular Holes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6047-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibel","family":"Doguizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cemile","family":"Ucgul Atilgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kemal","family":"Tekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Surgical management of refractory full-thickness macular holes with emphasis on autologous retinal transplantation: A narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Bokor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. 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