{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:51:05Z","timestamp":1790178665509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), through the National Institute of Mental Health","award":["D43TW009343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009343"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023619","name":"University of California Global Health Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Insomnia is common among adolescents and is associated with emotional, behavioral, and academic difficulties. Although high rates have been reported globally, evidence in Latin America\u2014particularly in Peru\u2014remains limited and heterogeneous. Many previous studies relied on small samples, descriptive designs, omitted key psychosocial variables, or were conducted during early pandemic waves, despite the rise in sleep disturbances following COVID-19 restrictions. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of insomnia and identify associated factors among adolescents in northern Peru. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from students attending five schools in Lambayeque, Peru. Insomnia was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Sociodemographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and health-related variables\u2014including self-esteem, family dysfunction, eating disorders, acne severity, mental health help-seeking, and digital behavior\u2014were evaluated. Generalized linear models estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among 1313 adolescents (54.3% male; mean age 14.6 years), the prevalence of insomnia was 38.9% (95% CI: 36.1\u201341.5). In adjusted analyses, insomnia was associated with urban residence, non-Catholic religion, seeking mental health support, high social media use, internet use of 6\u201310 h\/day, low self-esteem, eating disorders, greater acne severity, and experiencing the death of a family member due to COVID-19. Conclusions: Nearly four in ten adolescents reported insomnia, influenced by sociodemographic, psychosocial, and lifestyle-related factors. These findings provide updated post-pandemic evidence for the Peruvian context and highlight the multifactorial nature of adolescent insomnia. Further research is needed to clarify causal pathways and understand the long-term mental health implications of large-scale stressors such as the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:38:39Z","timestamp":1771231119000},"page":"1505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insomnia Among Adolescents in Northern Peru: Associations with Psychosocial, Health-Related, and Educational Factors in a Cross-Sectional Study Across Five Schools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario J.","family":"Valladares-Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palmer J.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Y\u00e9pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima 15025, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0011-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angie Giselle","family":"Morocho Alburqueque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura 20001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz A.","family":"Aguilar-Manay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"},{"name":"EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jassmin","family":"Santin V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"},{"name":"EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1797-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzo","family":"Acosta-Porzoliz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15313, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danai","family":"Valladares-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13011, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darwin A.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"},{"name":"EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar J.","family":"Pereira-Victorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Continental, Lima 15046, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Villegas-Chiroque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor J.","family":"Vera-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodr\u00edguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana","family":"Rivera-Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Zila-Velasque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Latinoamericana de Medicina en la Altitud e Investigaci\u00f3n (REDLAMAI), Pasco 19001, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion, Pasco 19001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sacasqui Miranda, J.R. 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