{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:33:27Z","timestamp":1777988007327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008641","name":"Chung Shan Medical University Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSMU-INT-114-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSMU-INT-114-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical Relevance and Background: Motion sickness is a common manifestation of autonomic dysfunction. Increasingly induced by modern technology, such as virtual reality (VR), it presents a pressing challenge that warrants investigation. However, the relationship between binocular function, visual perception, and motion sickness remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the correlations between binocular visual functions, visual perception, and motion sickness susceptibility in adults. Methods: Adults aged 20 to 25 years were recruited. Based on a background and motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire, participants were divided into two groups: the Sick Tendency (ST) group (n = 21) and the Normal group (n = 33). Clinical assessments included habitual distance prescription and visual acuity (VA), phoria, fixation disparity (FD), positive\/negative fusional vergence (PFV\/NFV), vertical fusional vergence (VFV), positive\/negative relative accommodation (PRA\/NRA), accommodative facility (AF), vergence facility (VF), stereopsis, contrast sensitivity (CS), near point of convergence (NPC), and near point of accommodation (NPA). Additionally, motor-free visual perception test (MVPT), peripheral awareness (PA), and body balance (center of pressure) were assessed. Results: The ST group exhibited significantly higher distance NFV, distance VFV, and near PFV. Conversely, their NPA, stereopsis, and body balance (center of pressure) were significantly poorer than those of the Normal group. These deficits may be attributed to the accommodation\u2013convergence conflict. Conclusions: Motion sickness susceptibility is closely associated with specific binocular functions. Individuals susceptible to motion sickness exhibit poorer postural stability, likely due to diminished stereopsis and accommodative amplitude (NPA). Future research should further investigate the underlying mechanisms and their clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:38:39Z","timestamp":1771231119000},"page":"1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Motion Sickness, Binocular Visual Functions, and Visual Perception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8374-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Ying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung-Rui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lung-Hui","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4975-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tun-Shin","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Wu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000802","article-title":"Effect of exposure to short-wavelength light on susceptibility to motion sickness","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2018.1427805","article-title":"Allocating less attention to central vision during vection is correlated with less motion sickness","volume":"61","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103264","article-title":"A novel method for reducing motion sickness susceptibility through training visuospatial ability: A two-part study","volume":"90","author":"Smyth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. 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