{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T06:04:22Z","timestamp":1771653862569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized not only by motor impairments but also by debilitating non-motor symptoms (NMS) such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms are often resistant to dopaminergic therapies and significantly impact patients\u2019 quality of life. Whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention with potential effects on stress modulation and psychological well-being. Materials and Methods: In total, 14 patients with idiopathic PD underwent 10 WBC sessions (\u2212110 \u00b0C for 2 min) over two weeks. Blood samples for cortisol and serotonin were collected before and after the first and last sessions. Patients completed standardized questionnaires evaluating anxiety (STAI-Y1, Y2), depression (BDI), fatigue (FSS), sleep quality (SCI), and daytime sleepiness (ESS) at baseline and after the final session. Results: Significant reductions in serum cortisol and improvements in serotonin levels were observed. Psychological assessments showed decreased anxiety and depression scores, with improvements in fatigue and sleepiness (p &lt; 0.05 for most scales). Discussion and Conclusions: Repeated WBC sessions were safe and well-tolerated and were associated with biochemical and psychological improvements. These preliminary findings support WBC as a promising complementary intervention for alleviating NMS in PD. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted to confirm these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:51:09Z","timestamp":1771491069000},"page":"1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Stress Biomarkers and Psychological Well-Being in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Piter\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-5949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cattaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Cremascoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6487-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Prina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Verme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7272-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Sabattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Priano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9072-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Capodaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Verbania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.155611","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Depression, and Quality-of-Life","volume":"37","author":"Menon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.004","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.09.012","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson Disease","volume":"36","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858421990000","article-title":"Heart Matters: Cardiac Dysfunction and Other Autonomic Changes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Scorza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4350","article-title":"The longitudinal impact of depression on disability in Parkinson disease","volume":"31","author":"Pontone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00967","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.967","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and depression severity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Kay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2810","article-title":"A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression","volume":"36","author":"Alvaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5603\/pjnns.109238","article-title":"Importance of hypoglycemia episodes and glycemic variability in parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"59","author":"Alster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005","article-title":"Inflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"McGeer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2023017","article-title":"Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelopoulou, E., Stanitsa, E., Karpodini, C.C., Bougea, A., Kontaxopoulou, D., Fragkiadaki, S., Koros, C., Georgakopoulou, V.E., Fotakopoulos, G., and Koutedakis, Y. (2023). Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Depression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081454"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1612877","article-title":"Drug treatment strategies for depression in Parkinson disease","volume":"20","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Xu, K., Zhou, Y., Shen, Y., Liu, Z., Bai, Y., and Wang, S. (2024). Non-pharmacological therapies for treating non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1363115"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70062-6","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A target for neuroprotection?","volume":"8","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capodaglio, P., Alito, A., Dugu\u00e8, B.M., Bouzigon, R., Lombardi, G., Miller, E.D., Verme, F., Modaffari, G., Piter\u00e0, P., and Ziemann, E. (2025). Contraindications to Whole-Body Cryostimulation (WBC). A position paper from the WBC Working Group of the International Institute of Refrigeration and the multidisciplinary expert panel. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2025.1567402"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"2810","article-title":"Whole-Body Cryostimulation: A Rehabilitation Booster","volume":"5","author":"Capodaglio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med. Clin. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01385-z","article-title":"Evaluating safety risks of whole-body cryotherapy\/cryostimulation (WBC): A scoping review from an international consortium","volume":"28","author":"Legrand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04406-5","article-title":"The use of whole-body cryotherapy: Time- and dose-response investigation on circulating blood catecholamines and heart rate variability","volume":"120","author":"Louis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis, J., Schaal, K., Bieuzen, F., Le Meur, Y., Filliard, J.-R., Volondat, M., Brisswalter, J., and Hausswirth, C. (2015). Head Exposure to Cold during Whole-Body Cryostimulation: Influence on Thermal Response and Autonomic Modulation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124776"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piter\u00e0, P., Cremascoli, R., Bianchi, L., Borghesi, F., Verme, F., Cattaldo, S., Prina, E., Mai, S., Cipresso, P., and Galli, F. (2024). Autonomic Modulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Whole-Body Cryostimulation: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112467"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510701516350","article-title":"Effects of long-term whole-body cold exposures on plasma concentrations of ACTH, beta-endorphin, cortisol, catecholamines and cytokines in healthy females","volume":"68","author":"Westerlund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2022.119040","article-title":"Effect of whole body cryotherapy on low back pain and release of endorphins and stress hormones in patients with lumbar spine osteoarthritis","volume":"60","author":"Zawojska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60942","DOI":"10.2196\/60942","article-title":"Whole-Body Cryotherapy Reduces Systemic Inflammation in Healthy Adults: Pilot Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Chun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.29359\/BJHPA.13.1.07","article-title":"The influence of whole body cryotherapy on plasma concentration of melatonin and serotonin in patients with osteoarthrosis of the lumbar spine","volume":"13","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Balt. J. Health Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-008-0006-5","article-title":"Whole-body cryotherapy as adjunct treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders","volume":"56","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/91298","article-title":"Whole-body cryotherapy\u2014Promising add-on treatment of depressive disorders","volume":"53","author":"Rymaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piter\u00e0, P., Springhetti, I., Alito, A., Verme, F., Fontana, J.M., and Capodaglio, P. (2023). Whole-Body Cryostimulation, a Complementary Treatment for Phantom Limb Syndrome: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0172.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piter\u00e0, P., Bigoni, M., Prina, E., Barrera, B., Yavuz, D.C., Verme, F., Fontana, J.M., Priano, L., Mauro, A., and Capodaglio, P. (2024). Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation Useful in Modulating Spasticity in Adults with Cerebral Palsy? A Case Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247674"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piter\u00e0, P., Cremascoli, R., Alito, A., Bianchi, L., Galli, F., Verme, F., Fontana, J.M., Bigoni, M., Priano, L., and Mauro, A. (2024). Whole-Body Cryostimulation as an Adjunctive Treatment for Neurophysiologic Tinnitus and Associated Disorders: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13040993"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., and McHugh, P.R. (2026, January 22). Mini-Mental State Examination. Available online: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft07757-000."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.70252\/RVAQ3828","article-title":"Borg scale is valid for ratings of perceived exertion for individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Penko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7258","article-title":"The Epworth Sleepiness Scale: Validation of One-Dimensional Factor Structure in a Large Clinical Sample","volume":"14","author":"Lapin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.229889","article-title":"Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Implications and Management","volume":"131","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.05.028","article-title":"Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Italian validation of the Parkinson Fatigue Scale and the Fatigue Severity Scale using a Rasch analysis approach","volume":"65","author":"Siciliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12343","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Fatigue in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and its Pragmatic Management","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101928","article-title":"Specificity of trait anxiety in anxiety and depression: Meta-analysis of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","volume":"82","author":"Knowles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26643","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Broen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20792","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Visser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00551-8","article-title":"Depressive symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease are insufficiently but more often treated than in other chronic conditions","volume":"9","author":"Usnich","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.008","article-title":"Italian validation of the Sleep Condition Indicator: A clinical screening tool to evaluate Insomnia Disorder according to DSM-5 criteria","volume":"98","author":"Palagini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"381","article-title":"Sleep and Parkinson Disease","volume":"114","author":"Bollu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2025, October 19). Jamovi\u2014Open Statistical Software for the Desktop and Cloud. Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100079","article-title":"Cortisol detection methods for stress monitoring in connected health","volume":"6","author":"Iqbal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2165\/11531940-000000000-00000","article-title":"Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes","volume":"40","author":"Banfi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111789","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2022.2111789","article-title":"Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water\u2014A continuing subject of debate","volume":"81","author":"Esperland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.01.005","article-title":"Stress and cortisol in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"152","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.037","article-title":"Serotonin in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"277","author":"Politis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1100\/2011\/172893","article-title":"Serotonergic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its relevance to disability","volume":"11","author":"Politis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13278","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease, anxious depression and serotonin\u2013zooming in on hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"135","author":"Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx361","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease tremors and serotonin","volume":"141","author":"Jankovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.002","article-title":"Cognition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"133","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1159\/000521214","article-title":"Polypharmacy and Hyperpolypharmacy in Older Individuals with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Bhagavathula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27602","article-title":"Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014An evidence-based medicine review","volume":"34","author":"Seppi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.104948","article-title":"Effects of repeated cryostimulation exposures on sleep and wellness in healthy young adults","volume":"117","author":"Dupuy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varallo, G., Piter\u00e0, P., Fontana, J.M., Gobbi, M., Arreghini, M., Giusti, E.M., Franceschini, C., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., and Capodaglio, P. (2022). Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation an Effective Add-On Treatment in Individuals with Fibromyalgia and Obesity? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154324"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03460-1","article-title":"Combination of whole body cryotherapy with static stretching exercises reduces fatigue and improves functioning of the autonomic nervous system in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Kujawski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00305-9","article-title":"The role of lifestyle interventions in symptom management and disease modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Trinh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/4\/1602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T05:11:59Z","timestamp":1771650719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/4\/1602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15041602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15041602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]}}}