{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:17:19Z","timestamp":1791001039056,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rigel","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Key mechanisms underlying immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) pathophysiology include impaired platelet production and macrophage-mediated platelet destruction, the latter of which is the disease driver in more than half of patients. Traditional sequential treatment approaches achieve suboptimal responses in many patients. This review summarizes ITP pathogenesis and the treatment landscape and proposes a personalized treatment approach for ITP after first-line treatment (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-D therapy) based on targeting underlying disease mechanisms with immunomodulatory and bone marrow-supportive therapies (fostamatinib, rituximab, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists [TPO-RAs]) prior to proceeding to later-line therapies. Clinical evidence of monotherapy and real-world studies of combination therapy are reviewed to support mechanism-based treatment selection, focusing on the complementary actions of fostamatinib (to target platelet destruction) and TPO-RAs (to stimulate platelet production). In prior studies, fostamatinib with or without TPO-RAs demonstrated durable platelet responses and manageable safety as second-line or later ITP treatment. The proposed treatment framework augments guidelines by recommending fostamatinib, rituximab, or TPO-RAs as second-line therapy options based on patient-specific disease characteristics and risks. Patients with inadequate response to fostamatinib or TPO-RA monotherapy may combine these therapies to address both platelet destruction and platelet production deficits. This novel framework tailors therapy to patient-specific pathophysiology by preferentially targeting both impaired platelet production and increased platelet destruction to support individualized care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1771583557000},"page":"1625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Clinician Perspective for a Personalized Approach to Management of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia with Targeted Therapies Alone or in Combination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Eva","family":"Mingot-Castellano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS\/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele P.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Division of Hematology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bowhay-Carnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mays Cancer Center at UT Health MD Anderson, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2021.1995347","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"14","author":"Bussel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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