{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:11:14Z","timestamp":1792156274733,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Implant-based breast reconstruction is associated with an increased risk of ischemic complications, which may result in implant loss, suboptimal aesthetic outcomes, and delays in adjuvant oncological treatment. Additionally, axillary surgery carries a risk of upper-limb lymphedema. Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography enables more accurate real-time assessment of tissue perfusion than clinical evaluation alone, while axillary reverse mapping (ARM) facilitates the preservation of upper-limb lymphatics. The integration of these techniques reduces complications and improves both functional and aesthetic outcomes. Materials and methods: A total of 208 breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy followed by immediate implant-based breast reconstruction were enrolled in this case\u2013control study. The prospective intervention group received intraoperative ICG angiography at three time points and underwent ARM with ICG. Conventional surgical techniques were applied in the retrospective control group. Results: ICG angiography showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for predicting postoperative ischemic complications (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI 0.82\u20130.99, p &lt; 0.001). Compared with the control group, patients in the ICG group had significantly lower rates of mastectomy skin flap necrosis (11.5% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.001), seroma (4.8% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.032), hematoma (1.9% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.033), and lymphedema (2.9% vs. 17.3%, p &lt; 0.001). They also experienced shorter hospitalization (6.2 \u00b1 1.9 vs. 8.0 \u00b1 2.8 days, p &lt; 0.001), fewer delays in adjuvant treatment initiation (16.3% vs. 32.7%, p = 0.010), and higher aesthetic satisfaction scores (81.41 \u00b1 10.12 vs. 76.03 \u00b1 9.74, p &lt;0.001). Conclusions: Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography is a valuable tool for predicting ischemic complications in alloplastic breast reconstruction and is associated with reduced morbidity, fewer delays in adjuvant treatment, and improved aesthetic outcomes. Preliminary evidence suggests that axillary reverse mapping is associated with lower rates of upper-limb lymphedema.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"1638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Indocyanine Green Angiography and Axillary Reverse Mapping in Breast Reconstruction Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0505-2776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora Mihaela","family":"Pelea\u015f\u01ce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology \u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, \u201cProf. Dr. Agrippa Ionescu\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 011356 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniela","family":"Nodi\u021bi-Cuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology \u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1641-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u01cezvan Ioan","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology \u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teodora","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010221 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology \u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4320-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Blidaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology \u201cProf. Dr. Al. Trestioreanu\u201d, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30215-1","article-title":"Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: A population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Heer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keelan, S., Flanagan, M., and Hill, A.D.K. (2021). Evolving Trends in Surgical Management of Breast Cancer: An Analysis of 30 Years of Practice Changing Papers. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.622621"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-0846-8","article-title":"Meta-analysis for psychological impact of breast reconstruction in patients with breast cancer","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"141","article-title":"Mastectomy skin flap necrosis: Challenges and solutions","volume":"9","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, C.L., Dayaratna, N., Graham, S., Azimi, F., Mak, C., Pulitano, C., and Warrier, S. (2024). Evolution of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Breast and Axilla Surgery: An Australasian Experience. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14010135"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005947","article-title":"The Importance of Tissue Perfusion in Reconstructive Breast Surgery","volume":"144","author":"Frey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2024.102124","article-title":"Breast cancer-related lymphedema: A critical review on recent progress","volume":"56","author":"Sharifi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e52434","article-title":"Axillary Lymphadenectomy: Safe Dissection Through a Correct Technique","volume":"16","author":"Slavu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/BD-220040","article-title":"Axillary reverse mapping in breast cancer: An overview","volume":"42","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-016-1060-9","article-title":"Use of indocyanine green and the HyperEye system for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer within a population of European patients: A pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Coufal","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940585","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/940585","article-title":"A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery","volume":"2012","author":"Alander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1271","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4743-5","article-title":"Current Trends and Emerging Future of Indocyanine Green Usage in Surgery and Oncology: An Update","volume":"22","author":"Zelken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oradan, A.V., Georgescu, A.V., Ilie-Ene, A., Corpodean, A.A., Juncan, T.P., and Muntean, M.V. (2024). Mastectomy Skin Flap Perfusion Assessment Prior to Breast Reconstruction: A Narrative Review. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090946"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadell, N., Laurent, F., Sanka, S.A., Ochoa, E., Yaeger, L., Li, X., Wood, M.D., Sacks, J.M., and Bardran, S. (2024). The Utility of Indocyanine Green Angiography in Breast Reconstruction to Detect Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis and Free Flap Perfusion: An Umbrella Review. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11101025"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002915","article-title":"Quality of life and oncologic safety of axillary reverse mapping in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4409-3","article-title":"Introducing the SKIN score: A validated scoring system to assess severity of mastectomy skin flap necrosis","volume":"22","author":"Lemaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, T., Fletcher, G.G., Brackstone, M., Frank, S.G., Hanrahan, R., Miragias, V., Stevens, C., Vesprini, D., Vito, A., and Wright, F.C. (2025). Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32040231"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-04762-7","article-title":"Mastectomy Alone or with Immediate Breast Reconstruction: Trend, Precipitating Factors, Patients Reported Outcome, and Oncologic Safety Analysis with and without Propensity Score Matching from 3759 Mastectomy Patients","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs5.50119","article-title":"Systematic review of therapeutic nipple-sparing versus skin-sparing mastectomy","volume":"3","author":"Agha","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisa, A.V.E., Mela, A., Miranda, S., Alessandri Bonetti, M., Bottoni, M., Intra, M., Pagan, E., Bagnardi, V., and Rietjens, M. (2024). Comparative Efficacy of Classic Versus Horizontal Incision Techniques in Skin-Reducing Mastectomy: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206276"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graziano, F.D., Levy, J., Kim, M., Massand, S., Shammas, R.L., Boe, L., Mehrara, B.J., Matros, E., Nelson, J.A., and Stern, C.S. (2025). Impact of Nipple-Areolar Complex Reconstruction on Patient Reported Outcomes After Alloplastic Breast Reconstruction: A BREAST-Q Analysis. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000012388"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulin, A.D., Ion, D.E., Avino, A., Gheoca-Mutu, D.E., Abu-Baker, A., Tigaran, A.E., Timofan, T., Ostafi, I., Jecan, R.C., and Raducu, L. (2025). Video-Assisted Mastectomy with Immediate Breast Reconstruction: First Clinical Experience and Outcomes in an Eastern European Medical Center. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132267"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2020.06.009","article-title":"Comparison of complications according to incision types in nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004969","article-title":"Incision Choices in Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Comparative Analysis of Outcomes and Evolution of a Clinical Algorithm","volume":"142","author":"Frey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009824","article-title":"Revascularization of the Nipple-Areola Complex following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy","volume":"151","author":"Rancati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6584","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006584","article-title":"Wise Versus Vertical Mastopexy Pattern Skin-reducing Mastectomy With Immediate Breast Reconstruction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Cheong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"znae240","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae240","article-title":"Timing and type of breast reconstruction in SweBRO 3: Long-term outcomes","volume":"111","author":"Gumuscu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avino, A., Raducu, L., Brinduse, L.A., Jecan, C.R., and Lascar, I. (2020). Timing between Breast Reconstruction and Oncologic Mastectomy-One Center Experience. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56020086"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-025-07690-x","article-title":"Advantages of immediate implant-based breast reconstruction over delayed breast reconstruction in women treated with postmastectomy radiotherapy for breast cancer","volume":"212","author":"Kooijman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21037\/abs-23-33","article-title":"The psychological impacts of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Breast Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.08.021","article-title":"Less is more? One-stage versus two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"86","author":"Negenborn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.02.041","article-title":"Two-stage prepectoral breast reconstruction: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Cavallero","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03316-z","article-title":"Prepectoral Versus Subpectoral Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction: Evaluation of Patient\u2019s Quality of Life and Satisfaction with BREAST-Q","volume":"47","author":"Cogliandro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-23-1094","article-title":"Prepectoral versus subpectoral two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction: U.S. medical center experience and narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Escandon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000012033","article-title":"One-Year Outcomes in Prepectoral versus Subpectoral Alloplastic Breast Reconstruction","volume":"156","author":"Vingan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2025.110445","article-title":"AGO Breast Commission recommendations for the surgical therapy of breast cancer: Working Group on Gynecologic Cancers (AGO) update 2025","volume":"51","author":"Reimer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2019.12.002","article-title":"Complications in Post-mastectomy Immediate Breast Reconstruction: A Ten-year Analysis of Outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350619862097","article-title":"Optimizing Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography in Reconstructive Flap Surgery: A Systematic Review and Ex Vivo Experiments","volume":"27","author":"Pruimboom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuniolo, L., Diaz, R., Anastasia, D., Murelli, F., Cornacchia, C., Depaoli, F., Gipponi, M., Margarino, C., Boccardo, C., and Franchelli, S. (2025). Indocyanine Green Angiography to Predict Complications in Subcutaneous Mastectomy: A Single-Center Experience. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15060242"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/15533506241313172","article-title":"Developing an Indocyanine Green Angiography Protocol for Predicting Flap Necrosis During Breast Reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"133","article-title":"Indocyanine green-based fluorescent angiography in breast reconstruction","volume":"5","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142100","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5142100","article-title":"Role of Qualitative and Quantitative Indocyanine Green Angiography to Assess Mastectomy Skin Flaps Perfusion in Nipple\/Skin-Sparing and Skin-Reducing Mastectomies with Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction","volume":"2022","author":"Mastronardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000012034","article-title":"Ingress Time as a Metric for Indocyanine Green Angiographic Evaluation of Skin Flap Perfusion in Immediate Implant-Based Reconstruction","volume":"156","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04106-x","article-title":"Prospective Clinical Trial for Predicting Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis with Indocyanine Green Angiography in Implant-Based Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18146","article-title":"Non-operative adjuncts for the prevention of mastectomy skin flap necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5130","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005130","article-title":"Outcomes of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Immediate Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy","volume":"11","author":"Akhter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4709-7","article-title":"Skin Flap Necrosis After Mastectomy With Reconstruction: A Prospective Study","volume":"23","author":"Matsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znad107","article-title":"Strategies to avoid mastectomy skin-flap necrosis during nipple-sparing mastectomy","volume":"110","author":"Moo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000012281","article-title":"Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis after Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: Intraoperative Predictors and Indocyanine Green Angiography","volume":"157","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.03.034","article-title":"Use of Indocyanine Green Angiography decreases the risk of complications in autologous- and implant-based breast reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.11.047","article-title":"Breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy in the large and\/or ptotic breast: A systematic review of indications, techniques, and outcomes","volume":"73","author":"Tondu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5466-y","article-title":"Postmastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes After Intraoperative Evaluation with Indocyanine Green Angiography Versus Clinical Assessment","volume":"23","author":"Diep","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.04.015","article-title":"Delphi survey of intercontinental experts to identify areas of consensus on the use of indocyanine green angiography for tissue perfusion assessment during plastic and reconstructive surgery","volume":"172","author":"Schols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"CD013280","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography for preventing postoperative mastectomy skin flap necrosis in immediate breast reconstruction","volume":"4","author":"Pruimboom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X13514995","article-title":"An outcome analysis of intraoperative angiography for postmastectomy breast reconstruction","volume":"34","author":"Duggal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aesthetetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004195","article-title":"Indocyanine Green Angiography Use in Breast Reconstruction: A National Analysis of Outcomes and Cost in 110,320 Patients","volume":"141","author":"Chattha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.07.022","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in oncoplastic breast surgery, a prospective study","volume":"85","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21037\/abs-23-53","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography for autologous breast reconstruction: A prospective","volume":"8","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Breast Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002296","article-title":"Nipple Loss following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy","volume":"138","author":"Mastroianni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tigaran, A.E., Avino, A., Abu-Baker, A., Timofan, T., Ion, D.E., Gheoca-Mutu, D.E., Jecan, R.C., Nestianu, E.G., and Raducu, L. (2026). First Clinical Application and Validation of the Romanian BREAST-Q in Immediate and Delayed Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective Study. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010168"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP45","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjy256","article-title":"Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Angiography for Fat Necrosis Reduction in the Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap","volume":"39","author":"Vila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aesthetetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006393","article-title":"Outcomes of DIEP Flap and Fluorescent Angiography: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"145","author":"Varela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/4\/1638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:46:01Z","timestamp":1772027161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/4\/1638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15041638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15041638","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}