{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:11:32Z","timestamp":1771841492895,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Split, Department of Health Studies","award":["SOZS-IP-2023-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOZS-IP-2023-5"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Split","award":["IP-UNIST-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-UNIST-54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by complex interactions between periodontal pathogens and the host immune response. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukins, may influence bacterial colonization and disease expression, but their association with specific periodontal pathogens remains unclear. This study investigated the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-1A, IL-1B, and TNFA and the presence of key periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients from Croatia. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 63 participants. Genotypes were determined, and subgingival plaque samples were analyzed for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola using real-time PCR. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations between cytokine gene polymorphisms and periodontopathogenic bacteria presence, adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, and the presence of systemic diseases. Results: Among participants (median age 57.0 years, IQR 43.5\u201367.0; 58.7% female), P. intermedia (87.3%), T. forsythia (85.7%), and T. denticola (69.8%) were the most prevalent pathogens. The IL-1A CC genotype significantly increased the odds of P. gingivalis (OR = 5.54; p = 0.009) and T. denticola (OR = 3.77; p = 0.041) presence. The IL-1B CC genotype was independently associated with T. forsythia (OR = 8.48; p = 0.026). No significant associations were observed for TNFA polymorphism. Model performance ranged from moderate to good (AUC up to 0.89). Conclusions: Genetic variants in IL-1A and IL-1B may influence periodontal bacterial colonization, while demographic and lifestyle factors showed limited impact. Further studies in larger cohorts are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"1646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Polymorphism of IL-1A, IL-1B and TNFA Predicting the Presence of Periodontopathogenic Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9231-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Kalajzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajka","family":"Pribisalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5889-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Adriana","family":"Jezina Buselic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Care Croatia, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samra","family":"Prentic Bakic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Care Croatia, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Petricic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Care Croatia, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand Josip","family":"Buselic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9899-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davorka","family":"Sutlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sendi","family":"Kuret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashim, N.T., Babiker, R., Padmanabhan, V., Ahmed, A.T., Chaitanya, N., Mohammed, R., Priya, S.P., Ahmed, A., El Bahra, S., and Islam, M.S. 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