{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:48:10Z","timestamp":1791478090013,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The front kick is among the most commonly used techniques in martial arts. This study aimed to analyze the range of motion during the mae-geri kick in advanced-level Kyokushin karate practitioners compared to an intermediate-level control group under three conditions: before warm-up, after warm-up, and after a shadow fight. Methods: The study group [N = 28, M: 27.6 years, body mass 81.9 kg, height 1.8 m] consisted of advanced-level Kyokushin karate practitioners (3rd kyu and higher), and the control group consisted of intermediate-level practitioners (6th to 4th kyu). A wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system was used to record muscle activity and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) was used to measure joint angles. Before the study began, the maximum voluntary contraction was determined for each muscle tested. Each participant performed three consecutive kicks in three conditions: before warm-up, after warm-up, and after a shadow fight. Results: The intermediate-level practitioners used the soleus muscle more than advanced practitioners during the front kick (48.92% vs. 35.94% before the warm-up kick, p = 0.042, \u03b72p = 0.27). After the warm-up, both groups began to use the soleus muscle more intensively (intermediate: 48.92% vs. 61.72% MVC, p = 0.046; advanced: 35.94% vs. 48.69% MVC, p = 0.045), and the advanced group\u2019s activity in the medial gastrocnemius muscle increased compared to before the warm-up (58.23% vs. 39.20% MVC, p = 0.016). Conclusions: Advanced vs. intermediate Kyokushin karate practitioners display distinct neuro-muscular activation strategies in the mae-geri kick, particularly in soleus and gastrocnemius recruitment. Combined EMG and IMU systems can identify trends and in-form training feedback in Kyokushin karate training and effectively prepare the musculoskeletal system for rapid activity, which is important during sports competitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15041662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"1662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Range of Motion and Muscle Activity During the Front Kick in Karate Kyokushin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jacek","family":"Kaczmarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"B\u0142aszczyszyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Borysiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of the side kick in Taekwon-do","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. 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