{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:28:22Z","timestamp":1771928902549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Ricerca Corrente IRCCS MultiMedica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Relative apical sparing of longitudinal strain is widely used as a diagnostic marker of cardiac amyloidosis. However, similar deformation patterns have been reported in other cardiac diseases, raising concerns regarding disease specificity. A comprehensive multimodality synthesis of the relative apical sparing pattern (RASP) across disease entities is lacking. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched through December 2025 for studies reporting RASP or regional longitudinal strain values allowing standardized RASP calculation. Cardiac amyloidosis and major phenocopies\u2014including aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, Fabry disease, mitral valve prolapse, and other cardiomyopathies\u2014were included. Random-effects models were used to compare cardiac amyloidosis with non-amyloid conditions using standardized mean differences (SMDs), with subgroup analyses according to imaging modality (two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography [2D-STE] versus cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking [CMR-FT]). Results: Fourteen studies (nine 2D-STE and five CMR-FT) were included in the quantitative synthesis. Overall, cardiac amyloidosis was associated with significantly higher RASP compared with non-amyloid conditions (SMD 0.676, 95% CI 0.493\u20130.860; p &lt; 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.9%). Modality-stratified analyses showed a very large pooled effect for 2D-STE (SMD 2.152, 95% CI 1.354\u20132.950; I2 = 97.6%) and a moderate, homogeneous effect for CMR-FT (SMD 0.594, 95% CI 0.405\u20130.782; I2 = 0%). Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness. No significant publication bias was detected by Egger\u2019s test. Conclusions: Relative apical sparing is not specific to cardiac amyloidosis but is most pronounced in this condition. Its diagnostic magnitude varies across modalities and clinical contexts, supporting a multiparametric, modality-specific interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:54:56Z","timestamp":1771923296000},"page":"1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Relative Apical Sparing Across Cardiac Diseases: A Multimodality Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7641-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sonaglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7084-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio Francesco","family":"Gramaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Nicolosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Policlinico San Giorgio, 33170 Pordenone, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Baravelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302353","article-title":"Relative apical sparing of longitudinal strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"98","author":"Phelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_22_17","article-title":"Left ventricle relative apical sparing in cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"27","author":"Nardozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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