{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T13:22:11Z","timestamp":1771939331010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xenotransplantation, particularly the use of genetically modified pigs for kidney transplantation, is gaining attention as a potential solution to the organ shortage. Pigs are ideal donors due to their physiological similarity to humans and rapid reproduction rates. Advances in gene editing technologies like CRISPR have enabled the development of genetically modified pigs that express human-compatible molecules while lacking xenogeneic antigens, such as Gal\u03b11-3Gal, which trigger strong immune responses. These modifications significantly reduce the risks of hyperacute and acute rejection, major barriers to successful xenotransplantation. Preclinical studies involving non-human primates and deceased human donors have shown promising short-term results, indicating that pig kidneys can function in human recipients. However, there are no documented cases of long-term survival, and the long-term effects of such transplants remain uncertain. Additionally, concerns about zoonotic disease transmission from pigs to humans necessitate robust pathogen detection systems to ensure safety. More research is also needed to understand immune responses to xenogeneic organs and develop effective immunosuppressive therapies. Ethical considerations surrounding the use of animal organs require ongoing societal dialog. Continued research is essential to establish xenotransplantation as a viable treatment for patients with renal failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:19:23Z","timestamp":1771935563000},"page":"1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Present Advances and Emerging Challenges in Kidney Xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoichi","family":"Kakuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Miyagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1437-3177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Fukae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5857-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeaki","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6618-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Kageyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Nonomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s41100-020-00301-z","article-title":"Calculation of expected remaining lifetime of dialysis patients in Japan","volume":"6","author":"Nakai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ren. 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