{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T15:32:16Z","timestamp":1772033536429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon of the tongue is a rare manifestation that may be associated with systemic diseases. The clinical manifestations, etiologies and management of this condition are poorly described. Methods: We report 10 cases of lingual Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon (LRP) and 26 cases from a structured literature review. Results: In 38.8% of cases, the LRP occurred in the context of a previously diagnosed systemic sclerosis; 16.6% followed radiotherapy for head and neck cancer; and 27.8% of patients presented with an idiopathic-like form. The manifestations classically included a syncopal phase (91.7%) associated with hypoesthesia (88.9%) and possible dysarthria (52.8%). Atypical presentations with a primary cyanotic phase were also observed, particularly in the context of vasculitis, notably cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (four patients). Active smoking was a significant triggering factor in idiopathic forms (60%). Across all patients\u2014both primary and secondary forms\u2014the most common triggering factor was cold exposure (75%). Vasodilator use showed good efficacy and should be considered for all highly symptomatic patients. Conclusions: In summary, LRP is more frequently associated with systemic sclerosis, manifesting as blanching of the tongue associated with hypoesthesia and dysarthria in more than half of cases. Vasodilators may reduce symptoms. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:37:37Z","timestamp":1772026657000},"page":"1738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lingual Raynaud\u2019s Phenomenon: A Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2842-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Morard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Nantes Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, CNRS UMR 6291, INSERM UMR 1087, L\u2019Institut du Thorax Team III Vascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Brebion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, CHCL Cote de Lumi\u00e8re, F-85110 Les Sables d\u2019Olonne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Maladies Auto-Immunes Syst\u00e9miques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest, M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et Guadeloupe (CeRAINOM), University LILLE, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Diot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CHRU de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lioger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CH Blois, F-41000 Blois, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Manuel","family":"Kubina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, CHD Vend\u00e9e La Roche sur Yon, F-85000 La Roche sur Yon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Agard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Nantes Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0821-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Espitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Nantes Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, CNRS UMR 6291, INSERM UMR 1087, L\u2019Institut du Thorax Team III Vascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Nantes Universit\u00e9, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Generini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. 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