{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1772449852934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in Africa, with disease burden exacerbated by limited access to eye care, shortages of trained ophthalmologists, and socioeconomic disparities. This review synthesizes prospective and interventional studies evaluating glaucoma management modalities and associated clinical outcomes in an African population. Trabeculectomy remains the predominant surgical intervention, achieving success rates of approximately 80%, with enhanced outcomes when augmented with anti-metabolites such as mitomycin-C or 5-fluorouracil. Laser-based interventions, including selective laser trabeculoplasty and transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, demonstrate moderate to high efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure, while nonpenetrating surgeries such as deep sclerectomy, viscocanalostomy, and canaloplasty provide substantial pressure reduction with fewer complications. Pediatric interventions, notably goniotomy, show efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure, although region-specific evidence remains limited. Evidence on pharmacological intervention remains scarce, fragmented, with high rates of non-adherence frequently reported, highlighting the need for rigorously-designed outcome-oriented studies to inform clinical practice. Adoption of newer surgical and laser techniques is constrained by cost, limited equipment, and insufficient subspeciality expertise. Improving glaucoma outcomes in Africa will require strategic expansion of access to effective treatments, strengthen local surgical capacity, and prioritize evidence-based research. Collectively, these efforts will provide a more robust framework to optimize glaucoma management and reduce the burden of irreversible blindness across the continent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"1837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glaucoma Management Therapies and Clinical Outcomes in an African Population: A Review of Prospective Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5035-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert Kwadjo Amoah","family":"Andoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, UPO, KNUST, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwadwo Owusu","family":"Akuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, UPO, KNUST, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2390-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine","family":"Ampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, UPO, KNUST, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2458-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwadwo Antwi","family":"Appiagyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, UPO, KNUST, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Osei Duah Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, UPO, KNUST, Kumasi 00233, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Purdue University, West-Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, John R. and Kathy R. Hairston College of Health and Human Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6136-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon Christoph","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Healthcare Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Karl-Georg","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Healthcare Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31469-1","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"390","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Glaucoma: A Review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e318189158c","article-title":"Glaucoma in Africa: Size of the problem and possible solutions","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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