{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:17:06Z","timestamp":1772777826183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030936","name":"Population Health Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hamilton Health Sciences Research Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015812","name":"Universidad Militar Nueva Granada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["INV-MED 3796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-MED 3796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The factors driving Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and its long-term respiratory sequelae remain poorly understood. This study evaluates whether baseline lung function (LF) influences COVID-related clinical outcomes, mortality, and post-infection LF decline. Methods: Data from 602 participants in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE)-Colombia study were analyzed. Among these, 200 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 402 controls (65% women; 68% aged \u226560 years). All underwent baseline spirometry prior to 2010 and follow-up testing 1\u201340 months post-recovery. Among infected individuals, 51 (26%) died. Spirometric parameters Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) were compared using paired t-tests and Cohen\u2019s d. Non-parametric data were compared using Wilcoxon s (z statistic). Results: Compared to baseline LF, hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed significant declines in follow-up LF: FEV1 (2.84 vs. 2.34 L; p = 0.002), FVC (3.01 vs. 2.53 L; p = 0.006), and PEF (399 vs. 328 L; p = 0.001). Non-hospitalized COVID-19 cases showed a non-significant downward trend, while controls maintained stable LF. Risk factors for post-COVID FEV1 &lt; 80% predicted included hospitalization, elevated waist-to-hip ratio, and incomplete or absent COVID-19 vaccination. Moderate-to-high physical activity was protective. Post-COVID PEF &lt; 80% predicted was associated with female sex, diabetes mellitus, and subsidized healthcare enrollment. Mortality risk was elevated among individuals with low baseline LF, age &gt; 65, male sex, hypertension, obesity, low physical activity, and reduced handgrip strength. Conclusions: Significant LF decline was observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with minimal changes in outpatients and controls. Identifying clinical and demographic predictors of post-COVID LF impairment may inform targeted interventions to mitigate long-term pulmonary complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"1868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Pulmonary Function in the PURE-Colombia Cohort: A Comparative Analysis with Pre-COVID Values and Non-COVID-19 Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Heiler","family":"Lozada-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia"},{"name":"Medicine Program, Universidad de Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760001, Colombia"},{"name":"Health and Movement Research Group, Universidad de Santiago de Cali, Santiago de Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth Aral\u00ed","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maritza","family":"P\u00e9rez-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogot\u00e1 1101111, Colombia"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Marly, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumathy","family":"Rangarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MyLinh","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9054-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Torcoroma","family":"Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Research Program, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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