{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:52:59Z","timestamp":1772452379220,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cholelithiasis can lead to significant complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Recent advances in deep learning and the improved ability of computer systems to detect clinically significant textural and morphological patterns in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help reduce the time and resources required for the radiological evaluation of the gallbladder and cholelithiasis. Objective: To detect cholelithiasis, a support system with a graphical user interface for magnetic resonance (MR) images of the gallbladder was implemented to reduce the manual effort and time required to identify gallstones. Method: A commonly used deep learning model for pixel-level mask generation and instance segmentation, Mask Region Based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), was modified, trained, and evaluated to provide a robust pipeline for automated analysis. The primary aim was to automatically locate and label the gallbladder in T2-weighted axial MR images to detect gallstones and highlight the visual characteristics of the target region, thereby supporting radiologists. All automation was designed to operate on a single optimal slice instead of the entire volume. While this approach limits generalisability, it offers a practical starting point for method development. This setup reflects a feasibility-oriented design, rather than a comprehensive diagnostic capability. The dataset included 788 axial MR images from different patients. Each image was labeled and segmented by an experienced radiologist to train and test the models at the image level. Results: The proposed model with squeeze and excitation (SE) modification improved classification accuracy, and at the image level, stone detection improved in terms of accuracy, precision, and specificity, although recall and F1 scores slightly decreased. Conclusions: The results show that the modified Mask R-CNN model can detect gallstones with up to 0.89 accuracy, supporting the clinical applicability of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15051891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"1891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Deep Learning-Based Decision Support System for Cholelithiasis in MRI Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Hasbay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Izmir City Hospital, Izmir 35530, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caglar","family":"Cengizler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Device Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35140, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmut","family":"Ucar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35140, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6159-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagihan","family":"Durgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Izmir City Hospital, Izmir 35530, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5504-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayriye Ulkucan","family":"Disli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Izmir City Hospital, Izmir 35530, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-8737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Bolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Izmir City Hospital, Izmir 35530, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0119czu\u0142a, A., Czaplicki, A., and Przyby\u0142kowski, A. 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