{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:32:56Z","timestamp":1780331576313,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The influence of gaseous components of tobacco smoke, e-cigarettes, and air pollutants on the development of glomerulonephritis has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Glomerulonephritis (GN) often leads to progressive kidney damage and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a global health problem. Genetic and autoimmune factors have been shown to contribute to their development. Yet, increasing attention is being given to environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. This paper summarizes how specific substances found in tobacco smoke, e-cigarette smoke, and air pollutants contribute to the development and progression of GN. Particular emphasis is placed on substances such as formaldehyde, heavy metals, and particulate matter, which have been shown to trigger oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction. A clear understanding of the contributions of those agents to kidney inflammation is crucial for developing preventive strategies and improving public health awareness. We also highlight gaps in current research and suggest directions for future investigation. Understanding consequences of cigarette smoking should be promoted to encourage people to reduce their exposure to cigarette smoke, which could prevent many diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15052043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:58:45Z","timestamp":1773046725000},"page":"2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Influence of the Main Components of Tobacco Smoke, E-Cigarettes, and Air Pollutants on the Development of Glomerulonephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1268-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Dzi\u0119giel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Misiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Maciejowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club, Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-0024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna A.","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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