{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:33:22Z","timestamp":1784896402820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The goal of this study was to characterize the microbial etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, and temporal resistance trends of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) pathogens in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit over 10 years (2014\u20132023), assessing empirical therapy adequacy and mortality associations. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the positive blood cultures of neonates with confirmed EOS, born between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2023. Blood was aseptically collected into PEDS Plus\/BC bottles, incubated using the BACTEC system, with pathogen identification by biochemical assays or MALDI-TOF MS. Susceptibility testing followed EUCAST disk-diffusion standards, with additional resistance assays. Results: Among 6631 NICU admissions, 39 neonates met EOS criteria (31 preterm, 8 term). In preterm infants, Gram-negative Enterobacterales\u2014mainly E. coli (n = 20)\u2014predominated, while GBS was most common in term infants. All GBS isolates (n = 7) were susceptible to benzylpenicillin and vancomycin. Although 90% of E. coli were ampicillin-resistant, 90\u201395% remained susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, piperacillin\u2013tazobactam, and aminoglycosides. Two E. coli isolates produced ESBL but remained susceptible to aminoglycosides and carbapenems. Mortality was higher in E. coli EOS (50%) than in GBS (0%) or other pathogens (25%), with borderline significance (p = 0.0547; adjusted RR 1.55, 95% CI 0.54\u20134.41). Ampicillin resistance was not associated with increased mortality. No annual resistance trends were observed. Conclusions: In this 10-year NICU cohort, the etiology of EOS differed markedly between preterm and term neonates. Recommended empirical ampicillin\u2013aminoglycoside therapy demonstrated in vitro efficacy against most neonatal bloodstream isolates pending pathogen identification. However, the widespread ampicillin resistance, particularly among E. coli strains, supports consideration of cephalosporin\u2013aminoglycoside combinations or meropenem monotherapy when rapid beta-lactam bactericidal activity is clinically essential. Mortality was higher in E. coli EOS, though not statistically significant, and unrelated to ampicillin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:53:31Z","timestamp":1773140011000},"page":"2103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Outcomes of Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis over a Decade: Implications for Empirical Therapy in a Tertiary NICU"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7017-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Muszy\u0144ska-Radska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydgier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1476-3263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kwieci\u0144ska-Pir\u00f3g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydgier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Sadowska-Krawczenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydgier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2217","article-title":"Early onset neonatal sepsis: The burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues","volume":"127","author":"Stoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000315","article-title":"Defining neonatal sepsis","volume":"28","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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