{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:47:12Z","timestamp":1791337632288,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a leading cause of sudden death worldwide, with wide variation in reported incidence and outcomes driven by heterogeneity in registries, emergency medical services (EMS) organization, and case definitions. Despite substantial advances in resuscitation systems, survival after EMS-treated OHCA generally remains below 10%, and outcomes are critically time dependent. Delays in emergency call activation, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and\u2014most importantly\u2014early defibrillation are associated with a rapid decline in return of spontaneous circulation and favorable neurological recovery. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence and implementation strategies aimed at reducing \u201ctime-to-CPR\u201d and \u201ctime-to-shock,\u201d with a specific focus on public-access defibrillation (PAD) as a tool to mitigate avoidable delay. Randomized trials and large registry studies consistently demonstrate that automated external defibrillator (AED) use before EMS arrival is a key determinant of survival in patients with shockable rhythms. However, the real-world effectiveness of PAD remains limited by suboptimal AED placement, restricted 24\/7 accessibility, low public awareness, and underutilization driven by fear and lack of confidence. We compare different PAD delivery models\u2014including EMS-based, police and first-responder-based, and fully integrated community systems\u2014and summarize evidence supporting targeted, high-yield AED deployment and cost-effectiveness. In addition, we review emerging strategies to reduce avoidable delay and strengthen the early links of the chain of survival, such as school-based training programs, smartphone- and SMS-based citizen-responder networks, improved dispatch recognition of cardiac arrest (including artificial intelligence\u2013supported tools), and drone-enabled AED delivery. Across these approaches, patient benefit critically depends on system integration, alert performance, and true AED accessibility. Finally, we describe the Italian \u201cProgetto Vita\u201d experience as a community-integrated model explicitly designed to minimize avoidable delay through widespread AED deployment, lay responder training, and real-time integration with EMS. We conclude by outlining future priorities, including the development of robust national OHCA registries and scalable solutions for the high burden of cardiac arrests occurring at home, such as population-level deployment of low-cost, ultra-portable AEDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"2141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Public-Access Defibrillation and System Approaches to Minimize Avoidable Delay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7067-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pagnoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Giulia","family":"Bolognesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Bricoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra","family":"Arata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Aschieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Specialistic Medicine Department, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.109757","article-title":"Three-year trends in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest across the world: Second report from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR)","volume":"186","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.03.018","article-title":"CARES: Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival","volume":"54","author":"McNally","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. 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