{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:46:14Z","timestamp":1791254774931,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bj\u00f6rn-Steiger Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In the past ten years, the number of publications on injuries associated with electric scooters (e-scooters) has been increasing continuously. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the original study results on injury types, injury severity, clinical care, accident mechanisms, risk factors, and patient characteristics associated with e-scooter accidents. Methods: The literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE and Medline. We included quantitative clinical studies published between 07\/2019 and 07\/2024 that report e-scooter-associated injuries in patients who presented to an emergency department. Variables that were reported as proportions (e.g., frequency of extremity fractures) were summarized using a proportional meta-analysis. Parameters on a continuous scale were combined using a meta-analysis of the arithmetic means. Results: Among 524 unique records, 149 articles met the inclusion criteria, and 68 were eligible for quantitative analyses. Most e-scooter patients sustained injuries to the head and face with a pooled frequency of 42.1% (95% CI 38.7\u201345.4). Injuries of the upper extremities were estimated at 40.1% of patients (95% CI 35.8\u201344.4). Fractures of the extremities occurred with a pooled frequency of 25.7% (95% CI 22.5\u201328.9). An estimated proportion of 2.3% (95% CI 1.6\u20133.0) sustained severe traumatic brain injuries. Determined by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), 2.8% (95% CI 1.5\u20134.1) of the e-scooter patients were severely injured (ISS \u2265 16). Conclusions: Injuries to the head and face as well as the upper extremities are the most common causes for emergency department visits following e-scooter accidents. One in four patients presented with extremity fractures. Severe injuries, however, affect less than three percent of e-scooter patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["E-Scooter-Associated Injury Types and Injury Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wiebke","family":"K\u00e4ckenmester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"H\u00f6nning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich Bernhard Herman","family":"Vo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosima","family":"Prahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hand, Replantation, and Microsurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Osterhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, BG Klinikum Unfallkrankenaus Berlin gGmbH, 12683 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.07.126","article-title":"Case Series and Systematic Review of Electronic Scooter Crashes and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"167","author":"Azab","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"818","article-title":"Epidemiology of Fractures Following Electric Scooter Injury","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. 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