{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:25:48Z","timestamp":1773761148432,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: For patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD), it is important to follow guidelines addressing dose-adjustments for renally eliminated drugs to avoid complications related to toxicity and subtherapeutic effects. In Saudi Arabia, limited data are available regarding appropriate medication doses for CKD. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of inappropriately administered drugs in patients with CKD and examined factors associated with unadjusted renal dosing. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational analysis (2023\u20132025) was conducted via a systematic electronic medical record review of hospitalized patients diagnosed with CKD and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. Medications were selected and evaluated for appropriate dosing based on creatinine clearance (CrCl). Medications were categorized as appropriately adjusted, inappropriately adjusted, unadjusted, or contraindicated. Results: A total of 440 patients (787 prescriptions) were included. At the patient level, 85% had at least one appropriately adjusted medication, 13% had at least one inappropriately adjusted medication, 30% had at least one medication that was not adjusted despite indication, 34% had at least one medication requiring no adjustment, and 17% had at least one contraindicated medication (categories are not mutually exclusive). At the prescription level, which was the primary analytic unit (N = 787), 48% of prescriptions were appropriately adjusted, 7% were inappropriately adjusted, 17% were not adjusted despite indication, 19% required no adjustment, and 10% were contraindicated. Antibiotics accounted for the largest share of inappropriate adjustments, representing 77% (43\/56) of all inappropriate dose-adjustment events. In exploratory bivariate analyses, age was not statistically significantly associated with dosing outcomes (Holm-adjusted p = 0.145). Polypharmacy was highly prevalent (91% of patients) but was not significantly associated with any dosing outcome in these exploratory analyses, likely due to limited statistical power. Conclusions: Our results showed that several regularly prescribed drugs, including metformin, sitagliptin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and spironolactone, were inappropriately prescribed to patients with CKD. These dosing errors can be avoided by increasing clinicians\u2019 and pharmacists\u2019 awareness of appropriate dosage modifications essential for patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:42:16Z","timestamp":1773751336000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Drug Dosing Appropriateness in Hospitalized Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia (2023\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7406-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina O.","family":"Abdelmagid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7975-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Algarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4753-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Albanghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuheir","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11115, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8419-7688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha 65732, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Prince Meshari Bin Saud Hospital, Baljurashi, Al-Baha 65639, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0415-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Al-Baha Health Cluster, Al-Baha 65784, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fayez","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, King Fahad Hospital, Al-Baha 65732, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1800-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassant Mohamed","family":"Barakat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. 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