{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:02:14Z","timestamp":1773939734361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Intravitreal injections (IVIs) are increasingly performed in outpatient settings, raising concerns regarding how to guarantee operating-theatre-level environmental safety. Mobile laminar airflow (LAF) units may create an ultraclean instrument field, but microbiological evidence from real-world IVI clinics is limited. Methods: We performed environmental monitoring during three IVI sessions, each including approximately 20 injections per session, in an outpatient procedure room equipped with a mobile LAF device (Operio Toul Mobile). Airborne microbial contamination was measured with a SAS Super 100 impactor (1 m3 per sample) at two locations, the procedure-room air and the LAF field, across seven predefined time points (T\u22121to T5). Surface contamination of the instrument-covering drape was assessed at mid- and end-session using 24 cm2 contact plates on four culture media. Colonies were expressed as CFU\/m3 or CFU\/24 cm2 and analysed using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (location \u00d7 time), with Holm-adjusted within-session paired post hoc comparisons at each time point. Results: During LAF operation (T0\u2013T4), mean airborne load was 89.8 \u00b1 10.8 CFU\/m3 in room air versus 10.9 \u00b1 4.6 CFU\/m3 under LAF, corresponding to an 87.9% mean reduction (Holm-adjusted p &lt; 0.01). At T\u22121 and T5 (LAF off), counts were not significantly different between locations. Airborne microbial species consisted mainly of skin\/oral commensals; no obligate pathogens were detected. All 24 drape samples showed 0 CFU. Conclusions: In this high-throughput outpatient IVI clinic, the mobile LAF device maintained a stable ultraclean microenvironment at the instrument field despite moderate background room contamination, supporting its use as an adjunct to standard aseptic measures, without the need to change the covering drape during the session.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1773934681000},"page":"2362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mobile Laminar Airflow for Intravitreal Injections: Reducing Microbial Load at the Instrument Field"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Satriani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7757-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Boccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"DAI Department of Health Hygiene and Evaluative Medicine, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"U.O.C. Hospital Hygiene and Laboratory Services, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5010-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"Santella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1031-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Cione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Unit, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3864-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldo","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Unit, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maddalena","family":"De Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"University Eye Unit, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"University Eye Unit, A.O.U. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d\u2019Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03185-z","article-title":"Greener intravitreal injections: A narrative review","volume":"38","author":"Ong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., D\u00edaz-Tom\u00e9, V., Luaces-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Conde-Penedo, A., Garc\u00eda-Otero, X., Luzardo-\u00c1lvarez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Ferreiro, A., and Otero-Espinar, F.J. (2020). Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Biopharmaceutic and Pharmacokinetic Considerations. 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