{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:43:01Z","timestamp":1788799381570,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Right ventricular pressure overloading [RVPO] with secondary maladaptive RV remodeling and progressive myocardial dysfunction in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with left-sided heart diseases [PH-LHDs] and in those with pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH] still remains one of the most complex challenges in cardio-pulmonary medicine. Despite the advances in the optimization of diagnostic tools and the expansion of treatment options, there is still a great need for further research to gain a better understanding of the major pathophysiological mechanisms involved in both the RV responses to PO and to find new possibilities to stop the progression of the alterations inside the pulmonary arterial circulation [PAC]. This article summarizes current knowledge about the particularities of the RV structural and functional responses to abnormal PO and also provides an overview of the benefits and limitations of the currently available tools for clinical evaluations of the RV adaptability to high afterload. A major focus of this review relates to the possibilities for obtaining evidence about the existence of a still remaining adaptability to a normal afterload in an over-burdened RV, in case of abolition of the pathological PO and, in this regard, to also evaluate the clinical usefulness of the RV adaptability estimation for certain critical therapeutic decisions. Among the most important conclusions of this updated overview are: 1. Whereas single parameters are insufficiently reliable for the evaluation of RV dysfunction and for predictions of its prognostic relevance across the whole spectrum of RVPO, properly selected and integrated multiparametric approaches had meanwhile unequivocally proved that they can usually become sufficiently reliable. 2. Multiparametric approaches can substantially improve the prediction of a preserved RV responsiveness to the abolition of its steady PO by reversal of RV maladaptive remodeling and by the normalization of RV pump function. Such a prediction, which can be decisive for therapeutic decision-making especially in candidates for ventricular assist device [LVAD] implantation or thoracic organ transplantation, can have a crucial impact on patient survival. 3. The complex and temporally highly variable interactions between certain structural and functional changes in both the PAC and in the hemodynamic overloaded right-sided heart, as well as between the two ventricles, can often hamper the interpretation of certain changes in the measured parameters and even relevantly alter their reliability. Additionally, the progressive aggravation of a secondary tricuspid regurgitation [TR] has a particularly high negative (often also misleading) impact on the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of RVPO evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"2368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Right Ventricular Adaptability to Pressure Overloading for Critical Therapeutic Decision-Making Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Dandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Heart and Circulatory Research (DZHK), 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007975","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007975","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Right Heart Failure in Pulmonary Vascular Diseases: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop","volume":"14","author":"Leopold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2018.02.001","article-title":"The Right Heart-Pulmonary Circulation Unit Physiopathology","volume":"14","author":"Naeije","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2019.15.2","article-title":"Right Ventricular Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Arrigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.076","article-title":"Anatomy, Function, and Dysfunction of the Right Ventricle: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"73","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029024","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029024","article-title":"Revised Definition of Pulmonary Hypertension and Approach to Management: A Clinical Primer","volume":"12","author":"Maron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e578","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000560","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Right-Sided Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Konstam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10108-7","article-title":"Heart\u2013lung interactions in COVID-19: Prognostic impact and usefulness of bedside echocardiography for monitoring of the right ventricle involvement","volume":"27","author":"Dandel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2021.0159","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular systolic dysfunction in COVID-19 survivors","volume":"29","author":"Rossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801900","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01900-2018","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension: An update","volume":"53","author":"Noordegraaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14233","article-title":"Adaptive versus maladaptive right ventricular remodelling","volume":"10","author":"Rako","year":"2023","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000335","article-title":"Load dependency of right ventricular performance is a major factor to be considered in decision making before ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"128","author":"Dandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2011.04.004","article-title":"Survival after biventricular assist device implantation: An analysis of the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support database","volume":"30","author":"Cleveland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.03.099","article-title":"Predicting Right Ventricular Failure in the Modern, Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Era","volume":"96","author":"Atluri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.733","article-title":"Prediction of right ventricular failure after ventricular assist device implant: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"19","author":"Bellavia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.08.095","article-title":"Right ventricular load adaptability metrics in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"157","author":"Amsallem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, H., R\u00e4tsep, I., Obonyo, N.G., Suen, J.Y., Fraser, J.F., and Chan, J. (2024). Current trends and latest developments in echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function: Load dependency perspective. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1365798"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel, F., Sollie, Z.W., Kilic, A., and Kung, E. (2025). Prediction of Right Heart Failure in LVAD Candidates: Current Approaches and Future Directions. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd12070240"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2008.09.006","article-title":"A Risk Score Derived from Preoperative Data Analysis Predicts the Need for Biventricular Mechanical Circulatory Support","volume":"27","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transpl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.11.026","article-title":"Risk Factors Predictive of Right Ventricular Failure After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation","volume":"105","author":"Drakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.11.012","article-title":"Assessment of right ventricular adaptability to loading conditions can improve the timing of listing to transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Dandel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhlto.2025.100316","article-title":"Right ventricular mechanical support as a bridge to lung transplantation: A literature review of current practices","volume":"9","author":"Demeulenaere","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jhlt Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitoulis, F.G., and Terracciano, C.M. (2020). Heart Plasticity in Response to Pressure- and Volume-Overload: A Review of Findings in Compensated and Decompensated Phenotypes. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00092"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H85","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00089.2016","article-title":"Distinct right ventricle remodeling in response to pressure overload in the rat","volume":"311","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001375","article-title":"Right Versus Left Ventricular Failure: Differences, Similarities, and Interactions","volume":"129","author":"Friedberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2024.05.017","article-title":"Right ventricular dysfunction: Patho- physiology, experimental models, evaluation and treatment","volume":"77","author":"Real","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-2806(91)90009-Y","article-title":"The right ventricle: Anatomy, physiology, and clinical importance","volume":"16","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201412-2271OC","article-title":"The effects of exercise on right ventricular contractility and right ventricular\u2013arterial coupling in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"191","author":"Spruijt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401321","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01321-2024","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and its pulmonary vascular interaction","volume":"64","author":"Hemnes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.02.002","article-title":"Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right-Sided Heart for Surveillance of Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Dandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2020.11.010","article-title":"Adaptation and Maladaptation of the Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Vascular Diseases","volume":"42","author":"Bogaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayer, N., Ltaief, Z., Liaudet, L., Lechartier, B., Aubert, J.-D., and Yerly, P. (2023). Pressure Overload and Right Ventricular Failure: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12144722"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-23-380","article-title":"Monitoring of the right ventricular responses to pressure overload: Prognostic value and usefulness of echocardiography for clinical decision-making","volume":"14","author":"Dandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.047","article-title":"The Relationship Between the Right Ventricle and its Load in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"69","author":"Westerhof","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.008","article-title":"Assessment of right ventricular responses to therapy in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Spruijt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283580","article-title":"Reversal of Right Ventricular Pressure Loading Improves Function Independent of Fibrosis","volume":"601","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09778-1","article-title":"Right ventricular mechanical pattern in health and disease: Beyond longitudinal shortening","volume":"24","author":"Lakatos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1086\/676020","article-title":"Determinants of right ventricular afterload (2013 Grover Conference series)","volume":"4","author":"Tedford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/677354","article-title":"Biomechanics of the right ventricle in health and disease (2013 Grover Conference series)","volume":"4","author":"Naeije","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102334","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02334-2021","article-title":"The physiological basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"59","author":"Naeije","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad108","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the right ventricle in health and disease: An update","volume":"119","author":"Tello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30370-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: A multicentre prospective observational study","volume":"8","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30507-5","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Dandel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320733","article-title":"Right ventricular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension predicts treatment response","volume":"108","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.04.006","article-title":"Right ventricular concentric hypertrophy and clinical worsening in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Badagliacca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037126","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037126","article-title":"Right Ventricular Stiffening and Anisotropy Alterations in Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanisms and Relations to Right Heart Failure","volume":"14","author":"Neelakantan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035326","article-title":"Right ventricular fibrosis","volume":"139","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"119","article-title":"Targeting Fibrosis in Right Ventricular Pressure Overload: Balancing on a Tightrope?","volume":"72","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0492","article-title":"The right ventricle under pressure; cellular and molecular mechanisms of right heart failure in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"135","author":"Bogaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"391","article-title":"Right Ventricular Adaptation and Failure in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14682","article-title":"Pressure overload is associated with right ventricular dyssynchrony in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction","volume":"11","author":"Monzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12097","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12097","article-title":"Clinically important changes in right ventricular volume and function in pulmonary arterial hypertension assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"Vejlstrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2014.11.002","article-title":"Right ventricular remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: Adaptive versus maladaptive morphology","volume":"34","author":"Badagliacca","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.013","article-title":"Cardiac-MRI Predicts Clinical Worsening and Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Alabed","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2020.1745889","article-title":"SPARCL1 as a biomarker of maladaptive right ventricular re modelling in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Keranov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viduljevi\u0107, M., Polovina, M., Geavlete, O., Adamo, M., Had\u017eibegovi\u0107, A., A\u0161anin, M., Stankovi\u0107, S., Ben Gal, T., Abdelwahab, M.A., and Abdelhamid, M. (2025). The Right Approach: Power of Biomarkers in the Assessment and Management of Right Ventricular Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189064"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.01.028","article-title":"Imaging Right-Left Ventricular Interactions","volume":"11","author":"Friedberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-20-477","article-title":"Left ventricular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction\u2014Molecular mechanisms and impact on right ventricular function","volume":"10","author":"Heinzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i109","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suae092","article-title":"The right ventricle: The co-star in the complex history of heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Manzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.051","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Patho-biology, and Emerging Clinical Perspectives","volume":"69","author":"Guazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14330","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Therapy","volume":"75","author":"Sugito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00741-2015","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular resistance and compliance relationship in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"46","author":"Chemla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.103","article-title":"Left ventricular vs. biventricular mechanical support: Decision making and strategies for avoidance of right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"198","author":"Dandel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1236","article-title":"Advanced heart failure: A position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"20","author":"Metra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2024.05.010","article-title":"International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Evaluation and Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates\u20142024","volume":"43","author":"Peled","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibe, T., Wada, H., Sakakura, K., Ugata, Y., Maki, H., Yamamoto, K., Seguchi, M., Taniguchi, Y., Jinnouchi, H., and Momomura, S.-I. (2021). Combined pre- and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension: The clinical implications for patients with heart failure. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247987"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2010.05.031","article-title":"Left ventricular assist device or heart transplantation: Impact of transpulmonary gradient and pulmonary vascular resistance on decision making","volume":"39","author":"Mikus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2024.107817","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of pulmonary hypertension among hospitalized patients with left heart disease","volume":"234","author":"Farmakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.01.052","article-title":"Implantable left ventricular assist device for treatment of pulmonary hypertension in candidates for orthotopic heart transplantation\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104","article-title":"Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates","volume":"133","author":"Zimpfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.2008.00606.x","article-title":"Experience with over 1000 implanted ventricular assist devices","volume":"23","author":"Potapov","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.06.002","article-title":"Impact of fixed pulmonary hypertension on post-heart transplant outcomes in bridge-to-transplant patients","volume":"29","author":"Alba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"971","article-title":"Reversibility of fixed pulmonary hypertension in left ventricular assist device support recipients","volume":"40","author":"Mikus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs678","article-title":"Use of centrifugal left ventricular assist device as a bridge to candidacy in severe heart failure with secondary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Kutty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.07.24","article-title":"Management of pulmonary hypertension from left heart disease in candidates for orthotopic heart transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Koulova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900486","article-title":"A fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device\u2014Final report","volume":"380","author":"Mehra","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2022.11.023","article-title":"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2022 Annual Report: Focus on the 2018 Heart Transplant Allocation System","volume":"115","author":"Yuzefpolskaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.07.019","article-title":"Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support: JACC Scientific Statement","volume":"82","author":"Tedford","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12565","article-title":"Diffuse Right Ventricular Fibrosis in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12549","article-title":"Elevated pre-transplant pulmonary vascular resistance is associated with early post-transplant atrial fibrillation and mortality","volume":"7","author":"Rivinius","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2023.02.058","article-title":"Timing and Outcomes of Concurrent and Sequential Biventricular Assist Device Implantation: A Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1761790","article-title":"Accurate assessment of right heart function before and after long-term left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"18","author":"Dandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bravo, C.A., Navarro, A.G., Dhaliwal, K.K., Khorsandi, M., Keenan, J.E., Mudigonda, P., O\u2019BRien, K.D., and Mahr, C. (2022). Right heart failure after left ventricular assist device: From mechanisms to treatments. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1023549"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2005.07.008","article-title":"Right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Dang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.02.073","article-title":"Independent and incremental role of quantitative right ventricular evaluation for the prediction of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"60","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.03.011","article-title":"Incidence and clinical significance of late right heart failure during continuous-flow left ventricular assist device support","volume":"34","author":"Takeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800866","article-title":"Two-Year Outcomes with a Magnetically Levitated Cardiac Pump in Heart Failure","volume":"378","author":"Mehra","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2228","article-title":"Right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation: A review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Coco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Sawyer, D.B., and Vasan, R.S. (2018). Role of echocardiography in selection, implantation, and management of left ventricular assist device therapy. Encyclopedia of Cardio-Vascular Research and Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.12.001","article-title":"Impact of Interventricular Interaction on Ventricular Function: Insights from Right Ventricular Pressure-Volume Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Brener","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.07.012","article-title":"Role of \u03b21-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"217","author":"Dandel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E20-06-0394","article-title":"The IgG3 subclass of \u03b21-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies is an endogenous biaser of \u03b21AR signaling","volume":"32","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103386","article-title":"Functional autoantibodies: Definition, mechanisms, origin and contributions to autoimmune and non-autoimmune disorders","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01944-0","article-title":"Accurate Classification of Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004133421502","article-title":"Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy","volume":"342","author":"Felker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.243360","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction","volume":"110","author":"Kaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciarambino, T., Menna, G., Sansone, G., and Giordano, M. (2021). Cardiomyopathies: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147722"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dandel, M. (2025). Autoimmunity in Cardiomyopathy-Induced Heart Failure and Cardiac Autoantibody Removal by Immunoadsorption. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030947"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.6.2760","article-title":"Autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Characterization of antibodies against the beta 1-adrenoceptor with positive chronotropic effect","volume":"89","author":"Magnusson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.75.3.295","article-title":"Immunohistological evidence for a chronic intramyocardial inflammatory process in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Noutsias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.4.385","article-title":"Immunoglobulin adsorption in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"101","author":"Wallukat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawai, A., Nagatomo, Y., Yukino-Iwashita, M., Nakazawa, R., Taruoka, A., Yumita, Y., Takefuji, A., Yasuda, R., Toya, T., and Ikegami, Y. (2023). \u03b21 Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibodies and IgG Subclasses: Current Status and Unsolved Issues. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd10090390"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103755","article-title":"Frequency of autoantibodies and their associated clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006155","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006155","article-title":"\u03b21-Adrenoreceptor Autoantibodies in Heart Failure Physiology and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"13","author":"Dordevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200211283472220","article-title":"Specific removal of beta-1-adrenergic autoantibodies from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"347","author":"Wallukat","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00010-7","article-title":"Circulating cardiac autoantibodies in dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis: Pathogenic and clinical significance","volume":"4","author":"Caforio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs123","article-title":"Long-term benefits of immunoadsorption in \u03b21-adrenoceptor autoantibody-positive transplant candidates with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Dandel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220784","article-title":"Immunoadsorption therapy in refractory heart failure patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: A potential therapeutic option","volume":"69","author":"Cavusoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21276","article-title":"Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The sixth special issue","volume":"28","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-0212","article-title":"The first aptamer-apheresis column specifically for clearing blood of \u03b21-receptor autoantibodies","volume":"76","author":"Wallukat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.06.061","article-title":"Aptamer BC 007\u2014A broad spectrum neutralizer of pathogenic autoantibodies against G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"789","author":"Haberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5492","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5492","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Pathogenesis and clinical management","volume":"360","author":"Thenappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2007.07.012","article-title":"Survival of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension After Listing for Transplantation: Impact of Iloprost and Bosentan Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Dandel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","article-title":"Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Simonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801889","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01889-2018","article-title":"Risk stratification and medical therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Channick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000348","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"385","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad018","article-title":"The \u2018Ten Commandments\u2019 of the 2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2025.06.019","article-title":"The landscape of referrals for lung transplantation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A report from the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry","volume":"45","author":"Kolaitis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34129-7","article-title":"Comparative outcome of heart-lung and lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension","volume":"106","author":"Chapelier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13409","article-title":"Double-lung versus heart-lung transplantation for precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension: A 24-year single-center retrospective study","volume":"32","author":"Brouckaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035488","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"351","author":"Farber","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II-322","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.116.suppl_16.II_503","article-title":"Agonistic autoantibodies against the endothelin-1 ETA and Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"116","author":"Wallukat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"A6163","article-title":"Abstract 6163: Potential Pathogenetic Involvement of Agonistic Autoantibodies Against Alpha-1 Adrenergic and Endothelin-1 Receptors in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"118","author":"Dandel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1919OC","article-title":"Autoimmunity Is a Significant Feature of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"206","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301949","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01949-2023","article-title":"B-cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Friend, foe or bystander?","volume":"63","author":"Sanges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.029","article-title":"Immunoadsorption therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Dandel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atheroscler. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000478744","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Immunoadsorption as an Add-On to Medical Treatment in Patients with Severe Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"94","author":"Nagel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, R.C., Fournier, M., Xu, X., Marb\u00e1n, E., and Lewis, M.I. (2017). Therapeutic benefits of intravenous cardiosphere-derived cell therapy in rats with pulmonary hypertension. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183557"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104900","article-title":"The ALPHA Phase 1 Study: Pulmonary ArteriaL Hypertension Treated with CardiosPHere-Derived Allogeneic Stem Cells","volume":"100","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001103","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001103","article-title":"Reliability of noninvasive assessment of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by Doppler echocardiography compared to right heart catheterization: Analysis in a large patient population","volume":"3","author":"Greiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2024.04.039","article-title":"Echocardiographic diagnosis and clinical implications of wide-open tricuspid regurgitation for evaluating right ventricular dysfunction in the emergency department","volume":"80","author":"Beckman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(05)80286-8","article-title":"Significance of laminar systolic regurgitant flow in patients with tricuspid regurgitation: A combined pulsed-wave, continuous-wave Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic study","volume":"119","author":"Minagoe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2025.01.006","article-title":"Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults and Special Considerations in Pulmonary Hypertension: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"38","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandoli, G.E., Landra, F., Chiantini, B., Sciaccaluga, C., Pastore, M.C., Focardi, M., Cavigli, L., D\u2019ascenzi, F., Bernazzali, S., and Maccherini, M. (2023). Tricuspid Regurgitation Velocity and Mean Pressure Gradient for the Prediction of Pulmonary Hypertension According to the New Hemodynamic Definition. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13162619"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100822","article-title":"Validity of echocardiographic tricuspid regurgitation gradient to screen for new definition of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Gall","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Echocardiographic Screening Methods for Pulmonary Hypertension: A Practical Review","volume":"28","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.03.008","article-title":"Pulmonary artery acceleration time provides an accurate estimate of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure during transthoracic echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Yared","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009648","article-title":"Use of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion\/Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure As a Non-Invasive Method to Assess Right Ventricular-PA Coupling in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Bashline","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging to Understand Mechanisms of Right Ventricular Disease","volume":"41","author":"Boczar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-315178","article-title":"Advanced imaging of right ventricular anatomy and function","volume":"106","author":"Badano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Zou, Y., Zhang, P., Li, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., and Fan, F. (2024). Non-invasive imaging techniques for early diagnosis of bilateral cardiac dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension: Current crests, future peaks. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1393580"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCoy, D., and Movahed, M.R. (2025). Review of D-Shape Left Ventricle Seen on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT), Similar to the Movahed Sign Seen on Cardiac Gated Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) as an Indicator for Right Ventricular Overload. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176041"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ro, S.K., Sato, K., Ijuin, S., Sela, D., Fior, G., Heinsar, S., Kim, J.Y., Chan, J., Nonaka, H., and Lin, A.C.W. (2023). Assessment and diagnosis of right ventricular failure\u2014Retrospection and future directions. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1030864"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005340","article-title":"Radiation Risks from Cardiovascular Imaging Tests","volume":"130","author":"Meinel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00607-1","article-title":"Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update","volume":"22","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pype, L.L., Domenech-Ximenos, B., Paelinck, B.P., Sturkenboom, N., and Van De Heyning, C.M. (2024). Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Current Role and Future Applications. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13154481"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13171","article-title":"Left Ventricular End-Systolic Eccentricity Index for Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants","volume":"33","author":"Abraham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.121.012774","article-title":"Contraction Patterns of the Right Ventricle Associated with Different Degrees of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Surkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Otto, C.M. (2012). Right ventricular anatomy, function and echocardiography evaluation. The Clinical Praxis of Echocardiography, Elsevier Health Sciences. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.05.002","article-title":"Feasibility of intraoperative three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of right ventricular volumes and function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"24","author":"Fusini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2508272","article-title":"Load Dependency of Ventricular Pump Function: Impact on the Non-Invasive Evaluation of the Severity and the Prognostic Relevance of Myocardial Dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"Dandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016151556","article-title":"Prognostic value of cardiac MR imaging for preoperative assessment of patients with severe functional tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"280","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-020-00610-6","article-title":"Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance\u20142020 update","volume":"22","author":"Bluemke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Full, P.M., Schirrmeister, R.T., Hein, M., Russe, M.F., Reisert, M., Ammann, C., Greiser, K.H., Niendorf, T., Pischon, T., and Schulz-Menger, J. (2025). Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the German National Cohort (NAKO): Automated Segmentation of Short-Axis Cine Images and Post-Processing Quality Control. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson., in press.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.20.25328013"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pucci, M., Capece, L.M., Pontoriero, M., Paoletta, D., Iacono, M., La Rocca, F., Luise, R., and Esposito, R. (2025). Right Heart Evaluation: A Tough Challenge for Clinicians. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15081194"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2216709","article-title":"Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"388","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22443","article-title":"Multimodality Evaluation of the Right Ventricle: An Updated Review","volume":"38","author":"Tadic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.0787","article-title":"Right Ventricular Mass Quantification Using Cardiac CT and a Semiautomatic Three-Dimensional Hybrid Segmentation Approach: A Pilot Study","volume":"22","author":"Goo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurlow, L.E., Van Dam, P.J., Prior, S.J., and Tran, V. (2022). Use of Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography in Emergency Departments: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10050753"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115002255","article-title":"How best to assess right ventricular function by echocardiography","volume":"25","author":"DiLorenzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.900084","article-title":"Impact of longitudinal cardiac rotation on mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular annular diastolic motion","volume":"3","author":"Puntawangkoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.171728","article-title":"Deformation imaging describes right ventricular function better than longitudinal displacement of the tricuspid ring","volume":"96","author":"Giusca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2018.1449646","article-title":"Evaluation of the right ventricle by echocardiography: Particularities and major challenges","volume":"16","author":"Dandel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15933","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15933","article-title":"Assessment of the Right Ventricle Function in Patients with Significant Tricuspid Regurgitation: A Review","volume":"41","author":"Bourg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576","article-title":"Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part I: Anatomy, physiology, aging, and functional assessment of the right ventricle","volume":"117","author":"Haddad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montalto, A., Loforte, A., Musumeci, F., Krabatsch, T., and Slaughter, M.S. (2017). Preoperative Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function. Mechanical Circulatory Support in End-Stage Heart Failure, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43383-7"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.12.011","article-title":"Relationship between Echocardiographic and Magnetic Resonance Derived Measures of Right Ventricular Size and Function in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Shiran","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-11-0296","article-title":"Role of right ventricular systolic function on long-term outcome in patients with newly diagnosed systolic heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Chrysohoou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.06.014","article-title":"Abnormal Motion Patterns of the Interventricular Septum","volume":"10","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-12-1445","article-title":"Application of 3-dimensional speckle tracking imaging to the assessment of right ventricular regional deformation","volume":"77","author":"Atsumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2174\/157340309788166642","article-title":"Strain and strain rate imaging by echo-cardiography - basic concepts and clinical applicability","volume":"5","author":"Dandel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadic, M., Nita, N., Schneider, L., Kersten, J., Buckert, D., Gonska, B., Scharnbeck, D., Reichart, C., Belyavskiy, E., and Cuspidi, C. (2021). The Predictive Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain in Pulmonary Hypertension, Heart Failure, and Valvular Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.698158"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.06.016","article-title":"Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Strain in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic Function and Comparison with Conventional Parameters","volume":"30","author":"Longobardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2014.22.3.113","article-title":"Validation of global longitudinal strain and strain rate as reliable markers of right ventricular dysfunction: Comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance and outcome","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13472","article-title":"Right ventricular free-wall longitudinal speckle tracking strain in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension under specific treatment","volume":"34","author":"Kemal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s44348-025-00059-0","article-title":"Predicting outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension using right ventricular global longitudinal strain versus tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and fractional area change: A retrospective analysis","volume":"33","author":"Alturaif","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx123","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation\u2014A single-centre retrospective with focus on deformation imaging","volume":"52","author":"Boegershausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio-Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.02.009","article-title":"Right Intraventricular Dyssynchrony in Idiopathic, Heritable, and Anorexigen-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Clinical Impact and Reversibility","volume":"8","author":"Badagliacca","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2013.03.007","article-title":"Right ventricular regional systolic function and dyssynchrony in patients with pulmonary hypertension evaluated by three-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"26","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12574-025-00707-w","article-title":"Evaluation of right ventricular function using a novel three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography automatic analysis system","volume":"24","author":"Sakata","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.11.010","article-title":"Potential Impact of Tricuspid and Mitral Valve Regurgitation on the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Ventricular Ejection Fraction","volume":"33","author":"Dandel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2025.01.008","article-title":"Association with Outcome of the Regurgitant-Volume Adjusted Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"38","author":"Clement","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.07.023","article-title":"Impact of right ventricular systolic function in patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation. A cardiac magnetic resonance study","volume":"339","author":"Hinojar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1530\/ERP-18-0051","article-title":"Tricuspid regurgitation and the right ventricle in risk stratification and timing of intervention","volume":"6","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Echo Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex139","article-title":"The need for a new tricuspid regurgitation grading scheme","volume":"18","author":"Hahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2025.105323","article-title":"Correction of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Orlando","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"447","article-title":"10 Issues for the Clinician in Tricuspid Regurgitation Evaluation and Management: 2025 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee","volume":"87","author":"Lindenfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac104","article-title":"Impact of correcting the 2D PISA method on the quantification of functional tricuspid regurgitation severity","volume":"23","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2024.07.008","article-title":"Advances in the Assessment of Patients with Tricuspid Regurgitation: A State-of-the-Art Review on the Echocardiographic Evaluation Before and After Tricuspid Valve Interventions","volume":"37","author":"Badano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.03.392","article-title":"Multimodality Imaging of Right Heart Function: JACC Scientific Statement","volume":"81","author":"Hahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.01.031","article-title":"Imaging for Tricuspid Valve Repair and Replacement","volume":"14","author":"Agricola","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1828","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-16-00891","article-title":"Computed tomography in patients with tricuspid regurgitation prior to transcatheter valve repair: Dynamic analysis of the annulus with an individually tailored contrast media protocol","volume":"12","author":"Hinzpeter","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.12.018","article-title":"Echocardiographic parameters associated with right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device: A review","volume":"35","author":"Neyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I198","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000032906.33237.1c","article-title":"Predictors of severe right ventricular failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion: Analysis of 245 patients","volume":"106","author":"Ochiai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.009","article-title":"The right ventricular failure risk-score a pre-operative tool for assessing the risk of right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device candidates","volume":"51","author":"Matthews","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.08.040","article-title":"Usefulness of two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters of the left side of the heart to predict right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"109","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.014","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle: Impact of the distinctly load dependency of its size, geometry and performance","volume":"221","author":"Dandel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.10.018","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular stroke work index in advanced heart failure: A new index?","volume":"18","author":"Frea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00157.2013","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure relationship in heart failure: An index of right ventricular contractile function and prognosis","volume":"305","author":"Guazzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12419","article-title":"Right ventricular ejection efficiency: A new echocardiographic measure of mechanical performance in chronic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2065","article-title":"Echocardiography of Right Ventriculoarterial Coupling Combined with Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Predict Outcome in Heart Failure","volume":"148","author":"Guazzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2015.07.017","article-title":"Echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular stroke work in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension: Comparison with invasive measurements","volume":"28","author":"Burkett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.504","article-title":"Prognostic incremental role of right ventricular function in acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Frea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.12.024","article-title":"RV contractile function and its coupling to pulmo-nary circulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Stratification of clinical phenotypes and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Guazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-016-0929-4","article-title":"Overestimation by echocardiography of the peak systolic pressure gradient between the right ventricle and right atrium due to tricuspid regurgitation and the usefulness of the early diastolic transpulmonary valve pressure gradient for estimating pulmonary artery pressure","volume":"32","author":"Hioka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, G.-J., Li, A.-L., Tao, X.-C., Zhai, Y.-N., Zhang, Y., Lei, J.-P., Gao, Q., Xie, W.-M., and Zhai, Z.-G. (2022). The accuracy and influencing factors of Doppler echocardiography in estimating pulmonary artery systolic pressure: Comparison with right heart catheterization: A retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Med. Imaging, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00806-5"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009047","article-title":"Validation of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion\/Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Ratio for the Assessment of Right Ventricular-Arterial Coupling in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Tello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.07.013","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: Integrating right ventricular ejection efficiency (RVEe) into advanced multi-parametric imaging","volume":"274","author":"Koestenberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398819868480","article-title":"Usefulness of right ventricular contraction pressure index to predict short-term mortality and right heart failure in patients who underwent continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"43","author":"Mete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/24748706.2020.1871537","article-title":"Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Arterial Coupling and Outcomes in Heart Failure and Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"5","author":"Shahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Heart"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1691OC","article-title":"Accuracy of Doppler Echocardiography in the Hemodynamic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"179","author":"Fisher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"200","article-title":"Impact of Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity on Accuracy of Echocardiographic Estimation of Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiol. Discov."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortiz, E., L\u00f3pez-Guarch, C.J., Jim\u00e9nez, J.F.D., Coronel, M.L., de Miguel, I.M., Rodil, B.B., Torres, J.D., de la Cal, T.S., Mart\u00edn, M.T.V., and Ynsaurriaga, F.A. (2025). Comparison of Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion to Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Ratio Measured by Transthoracic Echocardiography and Right Heart Catheterization in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prognostic Implications. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14061968"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012518","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.012518","article-title":"TAPSE\/sPAP Ratio to Improve Risk Assessment in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Badagliacca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14663","article-title":"Application of an echocardiographic index to characterize right ventricular\u2013pulmonary arterial coupling in heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12912","article-title":"Impact of Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation on Accuracy of Echocardiographic Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Estimation","volume":"32","author":"Akdeniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2024.0313","article-title":"Echocardiographic Parameters of the Right Ventricle in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.11.048","article-title":"Accuracy of Non-Invasively Determined Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure","volume":"105","author":"Testani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.08.017","article-title":"Relative Importance of Baseline and Longitudinal Evaluation in the Follow-Up of Vasodilator Therapy in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac136","article-title":"Right ventricular strain related to pulmonary artery pressure predicts clinical outcome in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Cvijic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.36628\/ijhf.2024.0048","article-title":"Prognostic Role of RVGLS\/PASP Ratio, a New Echocardiographic Parameter of the Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Coupling, in Patients with Acute Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033196","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033196","article-title":"Prognostic Implication of Right Ventricular Free Wall Longitudinal Strain and Right Atrial Pressure Estimated by Echocardiography in Patients with Severe Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"13","author":"Ogawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134026","article-title":"Echocardiographic grading of right ventricular dysfunction improves risk stratification of patients with severe heart failure","volume":"445","author":"Astengo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"100168","article-title":"The role of the TAPSE\/sPAP ratio as a predictor of mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Its value for patient risk stratification","volume":"7","author":"Sandoval","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHLT Open"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.07.011","article-title":"Myocardial Strain Imaging: Theory, Current Practice, and the Future. State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"18","author":"Smiseth","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H188","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00429.2011","article-title":"The relative value of strain and strain rate for defining intrinsic myocardial function","volume":"302","author":"Ferferieva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"585","article-title":"Biventricular VAD versus LVAD for right heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Boulate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000315","article-title":"Right Heart Imaging in Patients with Heart Failure: A Tale of Two Ventricles","volume":"31","author":"Amsallem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.05.053","article-title":"Load Adaptability in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"120","author":"Amsallem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4414\/cvm.2017.00463","article-title":"Right Ventricular Function Before LVAD implantation","volume":"20","author":"Barras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045894018788268","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894018788268","article-title":"Non-invasive right ventricular load adaptability indices in patients with scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"8","author":"French","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"882","article-title":"Primary myocardial disease in scleroderma\u2014A comprehensive review of the literature to inform the UK Systemic Sclerosis Study Group cardiac working group","volume":"56","author":"Bissell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12276","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12276","article-title":"Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary hypertension: A comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Khangoora","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733971262676230920102922","article-title":"Right Ventricle and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Corona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehaf784.119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaf784.119","article-title":"Study on the prognostic value of dandel\u2019s index in elevated pulmonary artery pressure and long-term outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3532","article-title":"The prognostic value of the Dandel\u2019s index in patients undergoing tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair","volume":"27","author":"Kassar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.05.049","article-title":"Long-term outcome of lung and heart-lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"86","author":"Toyoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5946","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.09.115","article-title":"Heart-lung transplantation: Current indications, prognosis and specific considerations","volume":"10","author":"Fadel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12038","article-title":"Temporary Right Ventricular Mechanical Support in High-Risk Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients Versus Permanent Biventricular or Total Artificial Heart Support","volume":"37","author":"Loforte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-018-9678-z","article-title":"Temporary assist device support for the right ventricle: Pre-implant and post-implant challenges","volume":"23","author":"Dandel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhlto.2025.100388","article-title":"Clinical impact of an upfront RVAD strategy in HeartMate 3 LVAD recipients with severe early right ventricular failure requiring temporary mechanical support","volume":"10","author":"Husain","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHLT Open"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911818","article-title":"Survival in patients with idiopathic, familial, and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in the modern management era","volume":"122","author":"Humbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.034","article-title":"Treatment goals of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"62","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21705","article-title":"Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice\u2013Evidence-Based Approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Eighth Special Issue","volume":"34","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1774001424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"references-count":245,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15062368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15062368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]}}}