{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T12:14:43Z","timestamp":1774008883197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Degenerative mitral stenosis (MS) secondary to extensive mitral annular calcification (MAC) represents a growing clinical challenge in an aging population. These patients are often elderly, frail, and harbor a significant burden of comorbidities, rendering conventional mitral valve surgery prohibitively high-risk. While transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) has emerged as a potential alternative, the current evidence is only derived from single-arm observational registries. Therefore, the transition toward randomized controlled trials to define optimal patient selection and long-term prosthetic durability is necessary. This review examines the current landscape of TMVR for degenerative MS, focusing on the role of multimodal pre-procedural planning, procedural technique, and prevention of the principal complications. The integration of echocardiography and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) is essential for evaluating anatomical feasibility, particularly in predicting neo left ventricle outflow tract (neo-LVOT) obstruction, the primary determinant of procedural mortality. However, it is limited due to the absence of standardized protocol. We are showing the outcomes of off-label balloon-expandable aortic prostheses and dedicated TMVR system, which are the only two devices which data in patients with MS are available. Despite high technical success rates in specialized centers, complications, including paravalvular leak, valve thrombosis, and device migration, remain more prevalent than in aortic interventions. We present some tips and tricks to prevent and manage adverse events. TMVR represents a transformative frontier for inoperable patients with severe MAC. However, its routine clinical adoption requires further refinement of dedicated technologies and standardized imaging protocols to improve safety and bridge the gap between palliative medical therapy and definitive intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"2373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcatheter Valve Replacement for Mitral Stenosis: A State of the Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1240-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Comis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Imm\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Ina","family":"Tamburino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferrarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9399-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino Salvatore","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Tamburino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Policlinico Centro Cuore Morgagni, 95030 Pedara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15236","article-title":"Prevalence of Mitral Annular Calcification and Its Association with Mitral Valvular Disease","volume":"38","author":"Okura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.049","article-title":"The Natural History of Severe Calcific Mitral Stenosis","volume":"75","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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