{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:57:38Z","timestamp":1774259858017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hospitalizations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increasingly reflect a complex interplay among chronic liver disease, cardiometabolic comorbidities, and systemic complications, which now exert greater influence on patient outcomes than tumor-specific factors alone. Despite this shift, contemporary data regarding the impact of the evolving comorbidity burden on inpatient resource utilization and procedural care remain limited. This study examines national trends in inpatient characteristics, procedural utilization, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with HCC between 2018 and 2022. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of adult hospitalizations was performed using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2018 to 2022. Hospitalizations involving HCC were identified through ICD-10 diagnosis codes, encompassing both principal and secondary diagnoses. Survey-weighted analyses were used to estimate national prevalence, in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges. Temporal trends were evaluated using survey-weighted logistic or linear regression, with calendar year as a continuous variable. Multivariable survey-weighted logistic regression models were constructed to identify adjusted predictors of inpatient mortality and procedural utilization, including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement. Results: During the study period, an estimated 275,000 HCC-related hospitalizations occurred nationwide. The prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities increased significantly over time (all p &lt; 0.001), including MASLD (6.6% to 8.7%), obesity (10.6% to 13.7%), diabetes (36.0% to 38.9%), and dyslipidemia (26.4% to 34.4%). In-hospital mortality rose from 8.82% (95% CI, 8.40\u20139.24%) in 2018 to 9.23% (95% CI, 8.81\u20139.65%) in 2022, with the highest rate in 2020 (9.42%). In parallel, inpatient resource utilization rose, as reflected by longer lengths of stay and higher hospitalization charges. Utilization of diagnostic endoscopic procedures, such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, increased, whereas rates of definitive inpatient oncologic and portal hypertension-directed interventions\u2014including liver transplantation, hepatic resection, and TIPS\u2014remained low and stable. In-hospital mortality was independently associated with markers of hepatic decompensation and systemic illness, including hepatic encephalopathy, acute kidney injury, sepsis, and hepatorenal syndrome. These associations were stronger than those observed for tumor-directed procedures, as reflected by inpatient procedural utilization patterns. Conclusions: Between 2018 and 2022, inpatient resource utilization among patients hospitalized with hepatocellular carcinoma increased in parallel with rising cardiometabolic comorbidity. It was primarily driven by management of hepatic decompensation and systemic illness rather than oncologic intervention. These findings characterize the evolving complexity of HCC hospitalizations in the contemporary inpatient setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:49:28Z","timestamp":1774255768000},"page":"2386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rising Cardiometabolic Comorbidity and Inpatient Resource Utilization Among Hospitalized Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 2018\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1428-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Haris","family":"Latif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan 66000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kahee","family":"Amedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, SSM Health St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hani-El","family":"Halawany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, SSM Health DePaul Hospital, Bridgeton, MO 63044, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"McGlynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.012","article-title":"Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"153","author":"Kanwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.07.033","article-title":"Increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma persists up to 10 years after HCV eradication in patients with baseline cirrhosis or high FIB-4 scores","volume":"157","author":"Ioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Trends, predictions, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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