{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:39:33Z","timestamp":1792427973738,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA) have enhanced the evaluation of the cornea, ocular surface, and ocular surface diseases (OSD), offering high-resolution structural and anterior segment vascular imaging. This review summarizes recent advances in these modalities and their clinical applications. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the terms OCT, OCTA, anterior segment, and ocular surface disease. Studies published in the past five years were included, emphasizing more recent developments such as ultra-high-resolution AS-OCT (UHR-AS-OCT) and swept-source AS-OCTA technologies. Results: UHR-AS-OCT provides non-invasive, sub-micron imaging of the cornea and the ocular surface, including tear film morphology and epithelial thickness to correlate with clinical tests such as tear break-up time, and fluorescein staining. Advances in AS-OCTA allow dye-free, depth-resolved imaging of corneal and conjunctival vasculature. These vascular biomarkers have shown promising utility in conditions such as limbal stem cell deficiency, chemical ocular injury, and ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Improvements in image acquisition, motion correction, and segmentation algorithms have enhanced accuracy and repeatability, supporting broader clinical translation. Conclusions: AS-OCT and AS-OCTA have become useful adjunctive imaging tools for the cornea and ocular surface evaluation. Their non-invasive, quantitative, and reproducible metrics may enable earlier diagnosis, objective staging, and longitudinal monitoring of OSD. Integration of OCT-based imaging with artificial intelligence and multimodal data, including tear proteomics and meibography, may optimize personalized treatment for ocular surface disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15062402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"2402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography with Angiography for the Cornea and Ocular Surface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiu Ying","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6972-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralene","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090240090031","article-title":"Micrometer-scale resolution imaging of the anterior eye in vivo with optical coherence tomography","volume":"112","author":"Izatt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.002","article-title":"Anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"66","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography","volume":"254","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2021.1851598","article-title":"High resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography of ocular surface lesions: A review and handbook","volume":"16","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.02.012","article-title":"Corneal angiography for guiding and evaluating fine-needle diathermy treatment of corneal neovascularization","volume":"122","author":"Spiteri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-019-0129-2","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography for the anterior segment","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.002","article-title":"Phase-variance optical coherence tomography: A technique for noninvasive angiography","volume":"121","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.001056","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography based angiography","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.017","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Anterior Segment Vasculature Imaging","volume":"122","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307706","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography and indocyanine green angiography for corneal vascularisation","volume":"100","author":"Ang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22035","article-title":"Imaging of Corneal Neovascularization: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Fluorescence Angiography","volume":"59","author":"Brunner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3896-2","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography: A review of current and future clinical applications","volume":"256","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, Y.J., Azzopardi, M., Hussain, G., Recchioni, A., Gandhewar, J., Loizou, C., Giachos, I., Barua, A., and Ting, D.S.J. (2024). Clinical Applications of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: An Updated Review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14020122"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, B.J.H., Tey, K.Y., Cheong, E.Z.K., Wong, Q.Y., Chua, C.S.Q., and Ang, M. (2024). Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: A Review of Applications for the Cornea and Ocular Surface. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.1744.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0592-y","article-title":"Corneal epithelial thickness profile in dry-eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003172","article-title":"Classification of Tear Film Lipid Layer En Face Maps Obtained Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Their Correlation with Clinical Parameters","volume":"42","author":"Stegmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.03.006","article-title":"Human precorneal tear film and lipid layer dynamics in meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.3.19","article-title":"Corneal Layer Segmentation in Healthy and Pathological Eyes: A Joint Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network and Adaptive Graph Theory Approach","volume":"14","author":"Win","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.005","article-title":"Biomarkers of in vivo limbal stem cell function","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2025.107604","article-title":"The role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography in predicting outcomes of acute ocular burns","volume":"51","author":"Samadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.04.007","article-title":"The utility of anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography for the assessment of limbal stem cell deficiency","volume":"19","author":"Binotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003012","article-title":"Corneal Epithelial Thickness Mapping in the Diagnosis of Ocular Surface Disorders Involving the Corneal Epithelium: A Comparative Study","volume":"41","author":"Levy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e67127","article-title":"Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Study of human precorneal tear film thickness and structure using laser interferometry","volume":"33","author":"Prydal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.15.000268","article-title":"Interferometric measurement of tear film thickness by use of spectral oscillations","volume":"15","author":"Fogt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., and Xu, J. (2016). Measurement of corneal and limbal epithelial thickness by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal microscopy. BMC Ophthalmol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0342-x"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4389","article-title":"Ultrahigh-resolution measurement by optical coherence tomography of dynamic tear film changes on contact lenses","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.3928\/15428877-20110627-02","article-title":"Ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging the anterior segment of the eye","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3348","article-title":"The thickness of the human precorneal tear film: Evidence from reflection spectra","volume":"41","author":"Fink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11920","article-title":"Measurement of tear film thickness using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Werkmeister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000133997.07144.9e","article-title":"The lack of association between signs and symptoms in patients with dry eye disease","volume":"23","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100100054027","article-title":"Ocular surface changes and discomfort in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"113","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.02.002","article-title":"Rethinking dry eye disease: A perspective on clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Bron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01137-8","article-title":"Topical Low Dose Preservative-Free Hydrocortisone Reduces Signs and Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Dry Eye: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"37","author":"Kallab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0092","article-title":"Influence of Perfluorohexyloctane Eye Drops on Tear Film Thickness in Patients with Mild to Moderate Dry Eye Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"36","author":"Schmidl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.11.001","article-title":"Ultra high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of ocular surface squamous neoplasia","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0170","article-title":"Tear evaporation dynamics in normal subjects and subjects with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Goto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.10.002177","article-title":"En face optical coherence tomography: A technology review","volume":"10","author":"Leitgeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.03.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report","volume":"15","author":"Willcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.08.005","article-title":"Defining Ocular Surface Disease Activity and Damage Indices by an International Delphi Consultation","volume":"15","author":"Mathewson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S1496","article-title":"The challenge of dry eye diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Savini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318242042b","article-title":"Tear meniscus measurement by spectral optical coherence tomography","volume":"89","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2021.6","article-title":"Tear evaluation by anterior segment OCT in dry eye disease","volume":"65","author":"Diana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recchioni, A., Venkataraman, A.P., Rauz, S., and Dominguez-Vicent, A. (2024). Swept-source optical coherence tomography in ocular surface diseases: Anterior segment analysis repeatability and its limits. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1385294"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19930101-10","article-title":"Optics of the corneal epithelium","volume":"9","author":"Simon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Refract. Corneal Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19930901-12","article-title":"High-frequency ultrasound measurement of the thickness of the corneal epithelium","volume":"9","author":"Reinstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Refract. Corneal Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_227_21","article-title":"Applications of epithelial thickness mapping in corneal refractive surgery","volume":"36","author":"Reinstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.03.003","article-title":"Corneal epithelial proliferation and thickness in a mouse model of dry eye","volume":"89","author":"Fabiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000417","article-title":"Assessment of corneal epithelial thickness in dry eye patients","volume":"91","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2399_20","article-title":"Advanced epithelial mapping for refractive surgery","volume":"68","author":"Khamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9116","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7988","article-title":"Ocular surface epithelial thickness evaluation with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Francoz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(98)00035-6","article-title":"Ocular neovascularization: An epidemiologic review","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60437-1","article-title":"Corneal transplantation","volume":"379","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.023","article-title":"Novel Parameters to Assess the Severity of Corneal Neovascularization Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"222","author":"Binotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-03558-4","article-title":"Assessment of corneal vessels activity through the \u2018Barcode sign\u2019 of corneal OCT","volume":"39","author":"Elzawahry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000914","article-title":"Existence of Normal Limbal Epithelium in Eyes with Clinical Signs of Total Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.06.029","article-title":"Epithelial Thinning in Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency","volume":"160","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001820","article-title":"Global Consensus on Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Staging of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency","volume":"38","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.12.002","article-title":"Niche Regulation of Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells: Relationship between Inflammation and Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1903","article-title":"Conjunctival transdifferentiation is due to the incomplete removal of limbal basal epithelium","volume":"31","author":"Kruse","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"96","article-title":"Corneal epithelial wound healing in the absence of limbal epithelium","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109210","article-title":"Concentration-associated pathology of alkali burn in a mouse model using anterior segment optical coherence tomography with angiography","volume":"223","author":"Luisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96086-0","article-title":"Role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography in the assessment of acute chemical ocular injury: A pilot animal model study","volume":"11","author":"Tey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-318847","article-title":"Role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography in assessing limbal vasculature in acute chemical injury of the eye","volume":"106","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.04.021","article-title":"Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography Assessment of Acute Chemical Injury","volume":"205","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.08.010","article-title":"Ability of novice clinicians to interpret high-resolution optical coherence tomography for ocular surface lesions","volume":"53","author":"Yim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-019-0152-3","article-title":"Utility of high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of sub-clinical ocular surface squamous neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001680","article-title":"High-Resolution Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Intraepithelial Versus Invasive Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01939-2","article-title":"Spectrum of AS-OCT features of ocular surface tumors and correlation of clinico-tomographic features with histopathology: A study of 70 lesions","volume":"41","author":"Vempuluru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.TJO-D-24-00148","article-title":"Pigmented versus nonpigmented ocular surface squamous neoplasia: A comparative study of 424 tumors","volume":"16","author":"Bejjanki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.05.017","article-title":"Use of High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Surgical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia: A Pilot Study","volume":"206","author":"Karp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_68_25","article-title":"Anterior segment optical coherence tomography in conjunctival ocular surface disorders\u2014A review","volume":"73","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.03.006","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in the evaluation of vascular patterns of ocular surface squamous neoplasia during topical medical treatment","volume":"25","author":"Theotoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-07041-y","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography in evaluating the response of ocular surface squamous neoplasia to topical immunotherapy","volume":"264","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0107-0","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography for ocular surface and corneal diseases: A review","volume":"5","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.025","article-title":"Diagnosis of ocular surface lesions using ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"120","author":"Shousha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.02.001","article-title":"High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography as an Adjunctive Tool in the Diagnosis of Corneal and Conjunctival Pathology","volume":"13","author":"Nanji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.08.028","article-title":"Ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography for differentiation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygia","volume":"119","author":"Kieval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70103-9","article-title":"The pathogenesis of pterygium: Current concepts and their therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Chui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"25158414211020152","article-title":"Pterygium: An update on pathophysiology, clinical features, and management","volume":"13","author":"Shahraki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"25158414211020145","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation and measurements of primary pterygium by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and its relation with astigmatism","volume":"13","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308685","article-title":"Morphometric characterisation of pterygium associated with corneal stromal scarring using high-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"101","author":"Gasser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar-Gonzalez, M., Espana-Gregori, E., Pascual-Camps, I., Gomez-Lechon-Quiros, L., and Peris-Martinez, C. (2024). Prospective Study: Utility of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography to Identify Predictive Factors of Recurrence in Pterygium Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164769"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, R., Jin, X., Yan, Z., Zhao, Z., Fan, L., Du, Z., Wang, L., Liu, J., An, J., and Wang, X. (2025). A new approach to assessing pterygium progression and volume using SII and anterior segment OCT. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1758913"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100902","article-title":"Comparison of ocular surface squamous neoplasia and pterygium using anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"20","author":"Nampei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latifi, G., Ghanbari, H., Ghafarian, S., Masoumi, A., Beheshtnejad, A.H., and Pirzadeh, M. (2025). Evaluation of conjunctival autograft reperfusion in pterygium surgery using anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 11206721251392040.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251392040"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2013.07.002","article-title":"Ocular surface squamous neoplasia\u2014Review of etio-pathogenesis and an update on clinico-pathological diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.134673","article-title":"Limitations in imaging common conjunctival and corneal pathologies with fourier-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"21","author":"Demirci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle East. Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05963-5","article-title":"A normative database of wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography quantitative metrics in a large cohort of healthy adults","volume":"261","author":"Munsell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102624","article-title":"Normative data assessment of age-related changes in macular and optic nerve head vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"37","author":"Abay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05205-3","article-title":"MCOA: A Comprehensive Multimodal Dataset for Advancing Deep Learning in Corneal Opacity Assessment","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03464-0","article-title":"An AS-OCT image dataset for deep learning-enabled segmentation and 3D reconstruction for keratitis","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309104","article-title":"Image artefacts in swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"101","author":"Akil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-730","article-title":"Artifacts and artifact removal in optical coherence tomographic angiography","volume":"11","author":"Hormel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001414","article-title":"IMAGE QUALITY AND ARTIFACTS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY: Comparison of Pathologic and Paired Fellow Eyes in 65 Patients with Unilateral Choroidal Melanoma Treated with Plaque Radiotherapy","volume":"37","author":"Say","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solebo, A.L., Ang, M., Bellchambers, A., Chu, C.J., Denniston, A.K., Downie, L.E., Evans, T., Fraser, A.S., Hau, S., and Huang, A.S. (2025). Development of the advised protocol for OCT study terminology and elements anterior segment OCT extension reporting guidelines (APOSTEL-AS): Study protocol. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331272"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106342","article-title":"Patch-based CNN for corneal segmentation of AS-OCT images: Effect of the number of classes and image quality upon performance","volume":"152","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23574","article-title":"Agreement of Anterior Segment Parameters Obtained From Swept-Source Fourier-Domain and Time-Domain Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"59","author":"Chansangpetch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.7.3","article-title":"Reliability of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Retinal Blood Flow Analyses","volume":"12","author":"Courtie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2402\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:17:55Z","timestamp":1774329475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/6\/2402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15062402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15062402","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]}}}